Mind Map Gallery Psychological Disorders
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Psychological Disorders
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Edited at 2020-09-28 13:43:24
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Psychological Disorders
Schizophrenia
experience distortion or disruption totheir experience of reality (psychosis)
may hear or see or feel things that aren’tthere, develop associations betweenthings that shouldn’t be associated;Normal patterns of reactions becomedisorganized
Positive Symptoms (normal people lack, butpatients have ABUNDANCE of)
Hallucinations affect your perception;see, hear, feel, or even taste and smellthings that aren’t there or you willexperience distortions of yourperception
(similar effect can be produced withhallucinogenic drugs, so make sure to rulethat out when diagnosing someone withschiz)
Delusions beliefs that are improbable orimpossible, and sometimes emergebecause of weird or seemingly randomassociations that the person makes
Negative Symptoms (normal people have, patients LACK)
absence of emotional reactions (flat affect)
absence of normal speech→ (most extremeversion) is complete catatonia where thepatient seems zombielike, or unresponsive
With current treatments, people withpositive symptoms seem to respond betterto treatment and have a better likelihood ofrecovering and leading a reasonably normallife. People with more negative symptomsseem to have a poorer longtermprognosis.
With current treatments, people withpositive symptoms seem to respond betterto treatment and have a better likelihood ofrecovering and leading a reasonably normallife. People with more negative symptomsseem to have a poorer longtermprognosis.
Biological component
Hypofrontality occurs shrinkage of thecortex, and a lack of activation in the frontallobes
Enlarged ventricles when you look at anMRI of the brain ventricles are the areaswhere cerebrospinal fluid flows through thebrain, and those areas get bigger whenother areas of the brain shrink.
degree of abnormality in the brain iscorrelated with the severity of symptomsBUT it isn’t clear whether the brainabnormalities cause the symptoms or are aconsequence of the disorder
Personality Disorders
rigid and problematic or extreme versionsof the traits we all have
Personality becomes disorder when itcauses problems for the person in terms ofsubjective distress or impairment
odd/eccentric personalities (includesschizotypal, which is characterized by oddthinking and behaviors)
anxious or fearful personalities (includesdependent and avoidant personalities,associated with different types of socialanxiety)
Dramatic or erratic behaviors
Borderline Personality Disorder
very volatile emotions, and some verydichotomous or blackandwhite thinking=either great or terrible, friend or enemy, noin between. Not a lot of inbetween orsubtlety about their reactions to the worldor to people.
Tend to have impulse control problems andtend to be selfish and appear manipulative
/High levels of neuroticism, low levels ofconscientiousness agreeableness/
Antisocial Personality Disorder
/Low levels of conscientiousness andagreeableness, but unlike borderline haslow levels of neuroticism
don’t tend to be afraid of much and they arecalm in social situations where others mightget nervous = might be because they don’treally have strong bonds with other people,and tend to not care how others view them
Mood Disorders
high or low moods that are prolonged,painful, disruptive, or inappropriate for thesituation
Major Depressive Disorder = includes:depressed mood, loss of interest in thingsthat used to be important, loss of appetite,fatigue or insomnia, agitation, and feelingsof worthlessness or guilt, or when severe:loss of contact with reality.
Diagnosis of major depression occurs withlonglasting or recurring depressiveepisodes.
could lead to both subjective distress andimpairment.
Heritable component for depression; butit’s likely that genes interact withexperience to produce depression or,conversely, to produce resistance todepression.
Manic Episode: opposite of a depressiveepisode
elated energetic powerful/grandiose,(don’tneed sleep) very impulsive and risky, (littlethought of consequences/ feeling that thingscan’t possibly go wrong) loss of contact withreality=person believes that they aresupernatural/royalty/smarter than everyoneelse in the world OR some feel very irritableand angry.
might not have ‘subjective distress’associated with it, but it could certainly leadto impairment
Hypomanic Episode is a milder version of amanic episode
definitely more ‘up’ than normal butdoesn’t include any delusions or reallyextreme behaviors: people may be moreproductive than usual, or more creative andexcitable. It isn’t a disorder, all by itself, andpeople report that it feels pretty great.
Bipolar Disorder alternate two ends ofa spectrum or two extremes (mania anddepression) in the same person atdifferent times
Bipolar I: manic episodes, and may alsoinclude depressive episodes or milddepressive symptoms that alternate withthe manic episodes.
Bipolar II: hypomanic episodes as well asdepressive episodes
twin studies have revealed a much strongerassociation between identical twins forbipolar, compared to major depression, andthis suggests a stronger genetic role forbipolar disorder.
Variations
Dysthymia is a milder chronic depression
Cyclothymia is a milder chronic version ofBipolar
Specific versions of depression associatedwith major hormone fluctuations
e.g.) Postpartum depression
variations suggest that there are definitebiological triggers for mood episodes thatare separate from how good or bad yourlife experience might be
Anxiety Disorders
fear or worry that is out of control or out ofproportion
major consideration is the subjective distressof the person with anxiety and the likelihoodthat anxiety will impair aspects of theperson’s life
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Alwayspresent. Isn’t tied to a particular trigger orsituation
People tend to always be worried or onedge, but not about anything specific
Panic Disorder
seem to come out of nowhere (althoughworrying about panic can bring on a panicattack) and is an extra large and unhelpfulfightorflight reaction complete with highheart rate, sweating, trembling, shortness ofbreath, and a feeling like you’re about todie.
only diagnosed if you’ve had repeatedpanic attacks and it has affected your lifenegatively
Specific Phobias are tied to very specifictriggers fear has to be out of proportionto the risk, and it has to cause subjectivedistress or lead to some sort of impairment
e.g.) you have fear of dogs and you quityour job because your coworker who isblind uses a service dog.
Social Anxiety Disorder is related to thiscategory because the similar symptoms aresimilar triggers are social situations whereyou might feel evaluated or judged
e.g.) job interview or public speaking,parties
Not technically anxiety disorders
PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD hasa specific trigger that starts the disorder;anxiety is major component of symptoms
Traumatic event is defined= the person feltthat their life was at risk or where they areexposed to the trauma of others.
ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder(OCD)obsessions or compulsions must takeup a significant amount of time or causedistress or impairment, and can’t beexplained by some other disorder
Obsessions are intrusive thoughts or ideasthat the person tries to suppress or get ridof.
Compulsions are mental acts or actions (likepraying, counting, or hand washing) that areused to reduce anxiety (typically brought onby the obsessions).
genetic or heritable component to anxietydisorders, as well as obsessive compulsivedisorders
strong heritable component to thepersonality trait of neuroticism
genes associated with the production anduse of neurotransmitters likenorepinephrine that are associated withalarm and fear reactions
people can learn to be afraid of specificstimuli, and that specific events can triggerthe onset of symptoms
Diagnosis
DSM5
Categorical approach = people aredescribed as having a disorder or not andbeing diagnosed with a specific disorderwithin a specific category of disorders
Dimensional approach = people are ratedalong a spectrum for each symptom andtheir final ‘diagnosis’ would be adescription of where they are at for eachsymptom
g.) similar to the Big Five model to describepersonality.
Descriptive = under diagnostic criteriaprovide descriptions of the symptomsassociated with each disorder otherdetails about success rates for sometreatments.
does not provide information about thecauses of the disorder. This allows it to beused by a wide range of clinicians who maynot all agree on those details
Diagnosis for a disorder includes checklistsof symptoms, duration of symptoms, andother factors
Where do disorders come from?
there are interactions
between the biological or genetic factorsand the learning or environmental factors
disorders can have multiple causes
not everyone who experiences the samething or has the same genes will developthe same disorders
Psychoanalytic Perspective
disordered behavior as a consequence ofthe unconscious mind protecting theconscious mind, or as some failure of theego to balance between the id andsuperego.
Humanistic Perspective
failing to improve or achieve the idealversion of the self
Biological Perspective
focus on genetic and physiologicalexplanations for disorders
Learning Perspective
based on classical and operant conditioningexplanations for behavior
Defining disorders
statistically rare
biological dysfunction
not functioning properly
subjective distress
whether someone is suffering as a result ofthe symptom or trait
impairment
Must rule out alternatives
e.g.)medical causes of symptoms/sideeffects of prescribed meds
"abnormal" = need diagnosis for treatment