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A Brief History of Humanity
The author tells the history of human evolution and development from the Stone Age to the 21st century, and divides human history into four stages: cognitive revolution, agricultural revolution, human integration and unity, and scientific revolution. It is a book that attempts to write down the history of mankind. However, it is completely different from the historical narratives I have read in the past. Most of those books focused on a certain dynasty, a certain period or a certain historical event. Most of their writing focused on clarifying the facts. There are also some histories of human beings and civilizations, which usually use civilization as a unit to tell the past, with a macro overview, focusing on describing the development of civilization and the interaction between civilizations. It is a good book worth reading again and again.
Edited at 2021-04-09 15:22:08
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A Brief History of Humanity
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- Outline
A brief history of mankind
cognitive revolution
Human - nothing special
Secret family history
Australopithecus, Neanderthal, Homo thorogenum, Denisovans
cost of thinking
The brain 🧠 is also a burden
chef's race
use fire
brother's keeper
Hybrid breeding theory, substitution theory
The reason why Homo sapiens was able to conquer the world was because of its unique language
The tree of knowledge of good and evil
Discuss fiction (the most unique feature of Homo sapiens language)
The legend of iconic cars
Legal Fiction "Limited Company"
A highway bypassing the genome 🧬
Make up stories to convince your audience
history and biology
The cognitive revolution is the starting point for history to separate from biology and exist independently
1. Biology sets basic limits on the behavior and abilities of Homo sapiens
2. The scope is very large, giving space for Homo sapiens to create fictional stories.
3. Understand the behavior of Homo sapiens and describe the historical evolution of human behavior
A day in the life of Adam and Eve
There has never been more than one “natural way of life” for Homo sapiens
primitive affluent society
Economical collection, less burden, rich in food types
talking ghost
Pantheism
peace or war
What role does warfare play in gathering?
curtain of silence
Covering tens of thousands of years of history
human flood
Convicted
Homo sapiens = ecological serial killer
The extinction of ground sloths
Homo sapiens arrive, large mammals become extinct
Noah's Ark
The first wave of extinction - the expansion of foragers; the second wave of extinction - the expansion of farmers; the third wave of extinction - industrial activity
agricultural revolution
Biggest scam in history
Collection-Agriculture (9500 BC-8500 BC) southeastern Turkey, western Iran, and eastern Mediterranean hilly areas
The Agricultural Revolution did not bring an easy life, but it was more difficult than the age of collection.
We didn’t domesticate wheat, wheat domesticated us
The pitfalls of luxury living
Wheat feeds more people, the number of children increases, and adults work harder
The same is true in today's society. Young college students want to work hard, and as a result, it becomes even harder to pay for huge loans.
The convenience of communication does not save effort, but accelerates it to 10 times that of the past. I am busy and restless all day long.
divine intervention
Göbekli Tepe shows that it is possible that a religious center was built first and then a village was formed around it.
victims of revolution
The success of species evolution does not necessarily mean individual happiness
Build a pyramid
The Agricultural Revolution is the most controversial event in history. Some people think it leads to prosperity and progress, while others think it leads to destruction.
The coming of the future
After the Agricultural Revolution, the importance of “the future” has reached an all-time high
The excess food collected supports politics, war, art, philosophy, etc.
order constructed by imagination
Supporting order is a common myth that people believe in
1976 "Code of Hammurabi", 1976🇺🇸 "Declaration of Independence"
Imagine that this world has universal and everlasting principles of justice that only exist in the rich imagination of Homo sapiens.
true believer
The order constructed by imagination requires a lot of effort to maintain, and contains elements of violence and coercion.
prison wall
How to make people believe in order
Maintaining a stable social order is an objective reality; the principle of unity must also be implemented in education
3 reasons why people believe
The order of imagination is deeply integrated with the real world; the order of imagination shapes our desires; the order of imagination exists as a connection between people’s thoughts🔗
memory overload
Signed off by Cushing
The first text in human history: financial documents
knotted language
The Inca Empire reached its peak
The miracle of bureaucracy
Words have changed the way humans think and see the world; free connection, holistic thinking-divisive thinking, bureaucracy
the language of numbers
An important language in the world
History is never fair
Complex human society seems to require these class systems and discrimination constructed by imagination
An important function of class, strangers don’t put in the effort to know how to treat each other
vicious circle
The Indian caste system and the related concept of "cleanliness" are deeply rooted in Indian 🇮🇳 culture
The American Concept of “Cleanness”
America 🇺🇸Civil War
Accidental historical events ➡️White people control black people ➡️Racial discrimination laws ➡️Black people are generally poor and lack education ➡️Cultural prejudice
him and her
Different societies have different imagined class systems.
sex and gender
sex and gender
“Man” and “woman” are sociological concepts
Man enough - find a place that conforms to the imagined order in the society you live in
Standards come from culture
Sex - biological; gender - cultural
Muscle💪Theory
This theory holds that men are stronger and can monopolize more physically demanding jobs and control food production, which can then be transformed into political influence.
In fact, human history shows that muscular strength and social power are inversely proportional
gangster theory
Male dominance does not depend on strength, but on aggressive personality
Wage more wars, men control society, circular explanation of why war and patriarchy are everywhere
paternal gene theory
It is believed that during evolution, men and women developed different strategies for survival and reproduction
Men compete to get women pregnant. As time goes by, the male genes passed down to future generations are the most ambitious, active, and competitive men.
Integration and unity of humankind
The direction of history🧭
cognitive dissonance
Having conflicting beliefs and values at the same time
using the altitude of a spy satellite
If you want to observe the direction of history, the key point is which height to use
global vision
After a long period of separation, they must be reunited
Currency, Empire, Global Religion
The taste of money 💰
shells and cigarettes
Willing to use, have a system to represent the value of other items
How money works
The most common and effective mutual trust system in history
price of money
Two major choices: everything can be exchanged and everyone believes in it
vision of empire
What exactly is an empire?
Rule many ethnic groups and the territory can be expanded infinitely
Evil empire?
criticize
The imperial system does not work; it is immoral
full of problems
Cause of capsizing
External aggression or elite infighting
The standard accoutrements of an empire, often including war, enslavement, deportation, and genocide
The empire also sponsored philosophy, art, justice, and the public welfare
This is for your own good
assyrian king
Rule the world and work for the welfare of all mankind
"us" and "them"
When "them" becomes "us"
Imperial influence - many small cultures merged into large cultures
It is easy to rule and the empire actively spreads a common culture
The idea of empire lies in universality and inclusiveness
Cultural assimilation is not easy
It took several generations for the empire's subjects to be recognized as "us" by the imperial elite.
Gandhi
good guys and bad guys in history
Although the British killed, injured, and persecuted Indians, it was the British who unified the originally chaotic kingdoms of the Indian continent and established a common national consciousness.
History cannot be simply divided into good people and bad people.
A new global empire
Around 200 BC, most people lived in various empires. In the future, it is likely that all humans will live under a single empire.
In 2014, world politics basically goes its own way, but national independence has disappeared. No country can truly implement independent economic policies, arbitrarily initiate war, etc.
the laws of religion
Religion is the force that unifies mankind
Two major characteristics: universal characteristics + promotion characteristics
make the lamb silent
The original religious significance of the Agricultural Revolution
Animals and plants are creatures equal to humans→properties of humans
Pantheism→Polytheism
Benefits of Idol Worship
Nature of polytheism: enlightened, rarely persecutes pagans
Polytheism believes that the highest power that dominates the world does not have any selfish motives or biases, and does not care about human worldly desires and concerns.
Christianity-Selfishness
The war between Catholics and Protestants in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries
God is the only one
Christianity - began as a mystical sect of Judaism
Paul’s mission to spread the “gospel” to all parts of the world
Monotheists are more fanatical and missionary than polytheists
Thinking that only you have seen the complete truth
Today, the global political order is based on monotheism
The battle between good and evil
Dualist religions believe in the existence of two opposing forces, good and evil.
Dualist religion helps monism solve the problem of evil
monotheism like kaleidoscope
Inherit monotheism, dualism, polytheism, and pantheism
Comprehensive photo (the largest single religion in the world)
laws of nature
Buddhism (Sakyamuni)
The Nature of Human Suffering - How Every Mind Thinks
Pain comes from desire. To be free from pain, you must let go of desire; and to let go of desire, you must train your mind and experience the nature of things.
Suffering from desire
When the object of worship becomes a human being
Theistic religion, which focuses on the worship of God; humanistic religion, which focuses on the worship of Homo sapiens
Humanism worships humanity
liberal humanism
The personal concept of "human nature" exists in the heart of every wise man
The most important mission - to protect the inner freedom of every homo sapiens
social humanism
"Humanity" is a holistic concept that exists within all homo sapiens as a whole
The most important mission - to protect the equality of the species Homo sapiens
evolutionary humanism
"Human nature" is variable, it may degenerate into inhumanity, or it may evolve into superhuman beings.
Nazi
The most important mission - to protect human beings, avoid degeneration and inhumanity, and encourage the evolution of superhuman beings
Homo sapiens possesses a unique and divine essence that is fundamentally different from other living beings. The so-called "highest good" refers to what is beneficial to the overall human nature.
The secret to success㊙️
The fallacy of hindsight
An iron rule of history: What seems inevitable in hindsight was never obvious at the time.
Why study history?
History, unlike physics or economics, does not aim at making accurate predictions.
Not to know the future in advance, but to expand our horizons and understand that the present is by no means “natural” and not inevitable.
Cleo, the Blind Goddess of History
There is no evidence that history progresses for the benefit of mankind
The most successful culture is not necessarily the best culture for Homo sapiens
Culture is like a spiritual infection or parasite, and humans are the unsuspecting hosts
History has too many possibilities, many of which did not come true in the end.
scientific revolution
discover one's ignorance
I don’t know that I don’t know
Three major differences between modern science and previous knowledge: willingness to admit ignorance; centering on observation and mathematics; acquiring new abilities
scientific dogma
Modern science has no dogma that needs to be strictly adhered to, but the research methods have a common core: collecting various empirical observations (that can be felt with the senses) and organizing them with mathematical tools
1687 Newton "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"
Statistics, rhetoric, etc.
knowledge is power
Science provides humans with more and more new tools
Science and technology have only recently been closely linked
There were new technologies in the past, but they were not obtained through systematic scientific research by scholars.
Progressive Ideal
Before the Scientific Revolution, most human cultures did not believe that humans would progress.
Scientific research to solve problems
Poverty, disease, war, famine, old age and death are not the inevitable fate of human beings, but limitations caused by ignorance.
Two types of poverty: social poverty/biological poverty
Gilgamesh Plan
defeat death plan
A major plan goal of the scientific revolution - to give mankind eternal life
Modern ideology (the only one in which death remains central) → Nationalism
Even though he sacrificed his life, he still lives in the eternal memory of the country as a whole.
benefactor of scientific research
Scientific research must join forces with certain religions or ideologies before it can flourish.
Ideology can rationalize research costs
Two forces: imperialism/capitalism
The marriage of science and empire
why Europe
Main reason → Asian empires have little interest in places like the Americas
From 1850 onwards, Europe dominated the world
relies heavily on: cooperation in the military, industrial and scientific fields
Early Potential: Modern Science + Capitalism
mentality of conquest
The common starting point of the ruling elites and intellectual elites of European empires → admitting ignorance
In the past, empires conquered the world → spread their own world view
blank space on earth
In the 15 and 16 years of the world, European maps were largely blank.
an admission of ignorance about a large part of the world
The blank space in the map is a magnet, attracting Europeans to fill in the gaps.
Zheng He's voyages to the West proved that European technology did not have an advantage, and the reason for victory → insatiable ambition
like invaders from outer space
In 1517, Spain 🇪🇸 invaded the Aztec and Inca empires
Pay the price of tunnel vision
For 300 years, the Americas, Oceania, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean were completely dominated by Europeans.
Only in the 20th century did non-European cultures have a truly global perspective
Rare spider, forgotten text
The process of deciphering cuneiform writing
Henry Rawlinson (1830s)
Sanskrit
William Jones→Indo-European
The empire supported the development of science
capitalist dogma
Modern Economic History:Growth
What really keeps banks (and the entire economy) alive and even profitable is trust in the future.
The pie will get bigger
The concept of "progress"
Once you admit your ignorance, just invest in research and everything will change for the better
applied to economics
Trust→Credit→Real Economy
1776, Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations"
The basis of all human wealth lies in the selfish desire to increase personal profits (the most revolutionary concept in human history)
New ethical standards → profits should be taken out and continued investment in production
Capital/Wealth Distinction
Capitalism's influence extends beyond the economy to form a set of ethics
How should we behave; how should we educate our children; how should we think about problems
Columbus also needs sponsors
The wonderful cycle of imperial capitalism
Credit finances new discoveries → New discoveries lead to colonies → Colonies bring profits → Profits build trust → Trust translates into more credit
Netherlands 🇳🇱 becomes the richest country in Europe thanks to credit
Netherlands🇳🇱→France🇫🇷→UK🇬🇧
Britain wins and establishes the British Empire
in the name of capital
Waging a war for the benefit of investors → Sino-British Opium War
Capital and politics are closely linked and have a profound impact on the credit market
worship of the free market
The most important resource of the economy, “trust,” cannot rely solely on the market itself.
Capitalist Hell
slave trade
The Industrial Revolution made bankers/capitalists rich and millions of workers lived in abject poverty
Congo Basin Rubber Industry
giant ship of industry
secrets in the kitchen
thermal energy converted into kinetic energy
The invention of the steam engine, internal combustion engine, and electricity
A vast ocean of energy
Core of the Industrial Revolution→Revolution of Energy Conversion
life on conveyor belt
Industrial Revolution → Explosive development of human productivity
The tragedy of industrialized agriculture → blindly emphasizes the objective needs of animals and ignores subjective needs
Agriculture requires billions of manpower, absorbed by factories and offices → an avalanche of new products
In the history of mankind, production has exceeded demand → Question: Who will buy these products?
The age of shopping
Consumerism
The virtue of consumerism: consume more products and services, encourage consumption, even if it leads to a dead end due to overconsumption
Capitalism and consumerist ethics → Two sides of the same coin
Rich people → invest; ordinary people → buy
a permanent revolution
modern modern
The Industrial Revolution brought about the concept of timetables and production lines and popularized them in all aspects of life
In 1880, the British government legislated that Greenwich Time should prevail.
The breakdown of families and communities
Before the Industrial Revolution, most people lived in three traditional frameworks of daily life: nuclear family, extended family, and close community.
industrial revolution breaks
imagined community
imagined community
The members don’t really know each other, but they imagine that they are all in the same gang
Two major imaginary communities emerged in modern times
The imagined community of nation → country
Consumer public → imaginary community of the market
ever-changing
The only certain characteristic of modern society is that it is constantly changing, and we are used to it.
peace of our time
War becomes rarer and more attractive
Decline in violence rates ← Development of national systems
abdication of empire
After 1945, most empires chose peaceful abdication.
nuclear peace
Important factors: The cost of war has increased significantly; profits have declined; peace has become a cost-effective business; there have been major structural changes in global political culture
virtuous circle
Live happily ever after
How to calculate happiness
Happiness does not lie in any objective conditions such as wealth, health, community, etc., but in the consistency between objective conditions and subjective expectations.
happy chemical ingredients
biologist
All psychological states (including subjective well-being) are not determined by external factors (such as wages, social relations, political rights), but by nerves, neurons, synapses and various biochemical substances (such as serotonin ← dopamine, oxytocin) depends on the complex system composed of elements)
The only reason for happiness → the sensory feeling of pleasure in the body
Most biologists also agree that psychology and sociology also have their influence
meaning of life
From a purely scientific perspective as we know it → human life is inherently meaningless
Any meaning we attach to life is actually an illusion
The so-called happiness is probably just the synchronization of the individual's illusion of meaning with the prevailing collective illusion.
Is happiness a form of self-deception? ? ?
Knowing yourself
The above two arguments assume that → happiness is a subjective feeling
modern liberalism
The most important issue of happiness→Buddhism
For Buddhists, happiness is neither a subjective feeling of pleasure nor a subjective feeling that life is meaningful. Instead, it lies in letting go of the pursuit of subjective feelings.
The mind becomes clear and at ease
The end of Homo sapiens
mice and men
Three types of intelligent design replace natural selection → bioengineering, bionic engineering, and inorganic life
Bringing Neanderthals back
Biological Engineering
Bioengineering → Deliberate human intervention at the biological level, with the purpose of changing the appearance, abilities, needs or desires of organisms in order to realize certain preset cultural concepts
bionic life
bionic engineering
Combining organic and inorganic tissues to create "biochemical humans"
Example: biochemical hand
another life
inorganic life
genetic programming
Prototype→Computer virus
singularity
Physicist: The Big Bang of the Human Universe Is a Singularity
The Gilgamesh Project and the possibility of creating superhuman beings in the future will bring about huge changes in human ethics and social order.
Frankenstein's Prophecy
1818, Mary Shelley "Frankenstein"
Scientists create artificial creatures, but they lose control and cause chaos
The only thing we can do now is influence the direction they take
The real question to ask → What do we really want?
Postscript→The animal that became a god
Homo sapiens has the power of gods, but is irresponsible, greedy, and doesn't even know what he wants.
The world is in danger, I’m afraid it’s nothing more than this