Study of the chemical structure of alkaloids provides clues for the synthesis of drugs such as: Although cocaine, the active ingredient in the plant coca, has a strong local anesthetic Intoxicating effect, but highly toxic and prone to addiction after long-term use

Refers to a type of naturally produced nitrogen-containing organic compounds; most are alkaline and can combine with acids to form salts; most are heterocyclic compounds with the nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic ring; most have strong physiological activity

1. Free base: It is extremely weak in alkalinity and exists in the form of free base. 2. Salt formation: organic acids: citric acid, tartaric acid, etc.; special acids: aconitic acid, chlorogenic acid, etc.; inorganic acids: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc. 3. Glycosides: Exist in plants in the form of glycosides; 4. Esters: The carboxyl groups in the molecules of various indole alkaloids often exist in the form of methyl esters. 5.N-oxides: There are about one hundred kinds of nitrogen oxides in plants.

Type naming

Naming of monomer ingredients

Classified by plant source: such as: Lycoris alkaloids, Catharanthus roseus alkaloids

Classified by chemical structure: such as: isoquinoline alkaloids, steroidal alkaloids

Classified by biogenic binding chemistry: such as: pyrrole alkaloids derived from ornithine.

Amino acid pathway, mevaleric acid pathway, all biosynthesis is related to amino acids

A class of alkaloids in which the nitrogen atom is not bound within the ring

It is soluble in water when free and can form stable salts with acids. It is volatile and does not easily react with most alkaloid precipitation reagents to form a precipitate (brown/yellow precipitate).

Ephedrine (1R, 2S), colchicine (treats acute gout and inhibits the growth of cancer cells), motherwort (can increase the tone and rhythm of the uterus of animals)

Alkaloids derived from pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole

Classification

Alkaloids derived from pyridine or hexahydropyridine.

Points: Simple pyridine derivatives, quinolizidine

Actinidine, ricinine, cytisine, matrine

Heterocyclic ring formed by the combination of pyrrolidine and piperidine. Hyoscyamine is an ester produced by the condensation of hyoscyamine (tuopine) and hyoscyamine (tuopic acid)

belladonna alkaloids

coca alkaloids

Camptothecin: treats leukemia and rectal cancer, has a lactone structure, alkalizes and opens the ring, forms a salt and is soluble in water

1-Benzylisoquinoline type

Bisphenylisoquinoline type

Protoberberine type

Apomorphine

Protoapomorphine

Morphinoid

Prototropine base form

Benzophenanthridines

Pyrrophenanthridines

Behenine: has significant anti-cancer effects and a wide anti-tumor spectrum. There are now synthetic products

Vinblastine, vincristine, ergometrine, physostigmine, ellipticine

Pilocarpine: Treats glaucoma

Changshanine: antimalarial effect

Lentinus purine: has lipid-lowering effect

Fritillary

Dendrobine, aconitine, paclitaxel

Maytansine: an anti-cancer active ingredient with high efficiency, low toxicity and large safety margin

Lin's flower alkane, Lin's flower alkane, fentanyl alkaloids