After Qianlong, Western powers invaded and signed a series of unequal treaties, and their sovereignty was damaged; feudal autocracy strengthened, imperial power was highly concentrated, political corruption, and dark officialdom

During the prosperous era of Qianlong, land annexation was serious and farmers lived a difficult life; the emergence and development of capitalism in industry and commerce was hindered and was restricted by the feudal system.

Inadequate innovation in the field of art, and the pursuit of opera, painting and other pursuit forms ignore connotations; the prevalence of citizens' culture, affecting the aesthetics of gardens, and paying attention to enjoyment and decoration

The traditional concept of "hidden in the garden" has changed, and gardens have become entertainment and leisure places; the mentality of scholars has changed, and garden functions have changed from avoiding the world to social entertainment.

With the Daning Palace as the core plan, it has a three-fold ring layout and a rigorous structure; it follows the "Zhou Li·Kaogong Ji", the layout is regular, reflecting the traditional planning concept; the water conservancy project is reasonable, solving water supply and canal transportation, and ensuring urban operation

The Ming Chengzu rebuilt the two capitals system, strengthening political rule and management; the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty's pattern, partially rebuilt and increased losses to adapt to the needs of rule; urban construction continued, Jiaqing added external cities to expand the scale of the city

Construction during the Qianlong period: Large-scale expansion of the Old Summer Palace, adding many scenic spots, and enriching the connotation of the garden; building a new Qingyi Garden to renovate the water system and form a unique landscape pattern; creating the "Three Mountains and Five Gardens", becoming a model of royal gardens, demonstrating the royal style

Changes from Jiaqing to Guangxu: Jiaqing maintained its prosperity, with fewer large-scale construction, and focused on garden maintenance; Daoguang lacked financial resources, the suburbs of imperial gardens declined, and some gardens were abandoned; during the Xianfeng period, the British and French forces burned the gardens, causing huge losses and damaged cultural heritage; some restoration of Guangxu Gardens, with cumbersome and rich styles, reflecting the characteristics of the times

Representative garden features: Old Summer Palace: adopts a "highlights" plan, integrating multiple landscape elements; Summer Resort: integrating natural landscapes and buildings, reflecting the layout of "front palaces and back gardens"; Qingyi Garden: mainly based on Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake. Borrowing the scenery cleverly

Jiangnan Garden: Yangzhou Garden was prosperous during the Qianlong period, integrating Western elements and unique style; Suzhou Garden has a long history, famous gardens such as Humble Administrator's Garden are exquisitely laid out and profound artistic conception

Beijing Garden: Wangfu Garden is large in scale, like Cuijin Garden, with gorgeous buildings and showing its identity; house gardens are widely distributed, mostly dry gardens, adapting to northern geographical conditions

Lingnan Garden: The four famous gardens in Guangdong each have their own characteristics, and the space layout of Yuyin mountain houses is clever; the garden is influenced by the West, and the architectural style integrates Chinese and Western elements.

Beijing Shifang Pujue Temple: a long history, it was built in the Tang Dynasty, and has been renovated and renamed many times.

Hangzhou Yongfu Temple: The environment is quiet, and the architecture and natural landscape complement each other

Public Garden: Shichahai, Beijing: It has leisure and cultural functions and is an important place for citizens to engage in activities; West Lake: It is famous for its waterscape, with attractions such as "Twenty-Four Bridges" and charming scenery.

Organs and Gardens: Henan Neixiang County Government is preserved intact, reflecting the characteristics of Organs and Gardens

Academy Garden: Yuelu Academy has profound cultural heritage and simple and elegant architectural style

Ethnic minority gardens: Tibet Luoblinka is a representative of Tibetan gardens with a unique style

Rise and decline reflect the fate of the dynasty and witness the decline of the feudal dynasty from prosperity to decline

Introduce Jiangnan skills, integrate north and south styles, and enrich garden landscapes

Contains complex symbolic meanings, reflecting imperial power supremacy and cultural traditions

Form three major local styles, with distinctive characteristics of Jiangnan, northern and Lingnan

House gardens are developing and flourishing, villa gardens are declining relatively, and their functions have changed

Literary garden features gradually lose their pursuing form, and their ideological connotation is weakened

The garden activities are frequent and become a multi-functional activity center to meet diverse needs

Functional changes affect layout and design, focusing on practicality and entertainment

Increased number and wide distribution, providing leisure space for citizens

Planning and design need to be mature, lack of unified planning and professional design

Western garden culture has been introduced, and some influence on architecture and gardening techniques

The overall pattern of gardens has not changed, and the integration of Chinese and Western cultures is still in the early stages