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MindMap Gallery Introduction to Pathogen Biology and Immunology (Mind Map)
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Introduction to Pathogen Biology and Immunology (Mind Map)
In pathogenic biology and immunology, microorganisms are a group of small, simple structures that exist in nature and are invisible to the naked eye. They must be magnified with the help of an optical microscope or an electron microscope. A general term for tiny organisms that can only be seen several times or even tens of thousands of times.
Edited at 2024-03-02 12:29:10
Introduction to Pathogen Biology and Immunology (Mind Map)
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introduction
Overview of Medical Immunology
The concept and function of immunity
Concept: A function of the body's immune system to recognize and eliminate antigenic foreign matter
Function:
Immune defense: The body's ability to recognize and eliminate antigenic foreign matter such as pathogenic microorganisms. An excessively high reaction or a long-lasting reaction can cause tissue damage or functional abnormalities in the body while clearing the antigen, leading to a hypersensitivity reaction; an excessively low or insufficient reaction can lead to immunodeficiency diseases.
Immune stability: The body's immune system uses immune tolerance and immune regulation mechanisms to promptly identify and remove damaged or aging cells and maintain the homeostasis of the internal environment. Dysfunction of immune stability can lead to autoimmune diseases
Immune surveillance: The body's function of identifying and eliminating mutant cells and virus-infected cells in the body. Low immune surveillance function is prone to malignant tumors or persistent viral infections
The development history of medical immunology
Period of Empirical Immunology (A.D. 400 to the end of the 18th century)
Classical immunology (late 18th century to mid-20th century)
Modern immunology (mid-20th century to 1960s)
Modern immunology (1960s to present)
The status and role of immunology in medicine
in preventing disease
With the development of immunology and the continuous advent of new vaccines, the scope of immune prevention has been further expanded, and the goal of health care for everyone proposed by the World Health Organization is gradually being realized.
in clinical
Immunological research has revealed many clinical diseases of unknown origin and clarified the mechanism of transplant rejection. At the same time, immunological methods have been applied to find suitable donors to prevent and control the occurrence of transplant rejection and induce transplant tolerance, which has greatly improved The efficacy of allogeneic organ transplantation; various serological methods have been established, which have the advantages of specificity, high sensitivity, qualitative, quantitative, and localization, and are therefore widely used in the diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of various clinical diseases; to Antibody-based targeted therapy, cytokine therapy, immune cell adoptive therapy, gene therapy of immune-related molecules, and molecular vaccines have all achieved positive efficacy in animal experiments and clinical applications, thus providing bright prospects for the prevention and treatment of many diseases.
in medical research
The research scope of immunology is very broad, involving almost all basic medicine and clinical medicine. With the rapid development of modern immunology, many branches and interdisciplinary subjects have gradually formed, such as immunobiology, immunopathology, immunogenetics, immunopharmacology, immunotoxicology, neuroimmunology, tumor immunology, and transplantation immunology. , reproductive immunology, geriatric immunology, infection immunology, clinical immunology, etc., have injected new vitality into the development of immunology, and have a huge role in promoting the development of medicine and even life sciences.
Overview of Pathogenic Biology
Microorganism medicine
Concept and classification of microorganisms
Concept: Microorganisms are a general term for a group of tiny organisms that exist in nature and are invisible to the naked eye. They must be magnified hundreds, thousands or even tens of thousands of times using an optical microscope or an electron microscope before they can be seen.
Classification
Non-cellular microorganisms: The smallest type of microorganisms. It can pass through the bacterial filter, has no typical cell structure, and lacks the enzyme system to generate energy. It must be parasitic in living host cells to proliferate, such as viruses. The nucleic acid type of viruses is DNA or RNA, but both nucleic acids do not exist at the same time.
Prokaryotic cell-type microorganisms: The degree of differentiation of the cell nucleus is low, and there is only a nucleoid formed by coiled DNA. There is no nuclear membrane or nucleolus. The organelles are imperfect and only have ribosomes. DNA and RNA exist together. There are many types of prokaryotic microorganisms, including bacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsiae, spirochetes and actinomycetes.
Eukaryotic cell-type microorganisms: The cell nucleus is highly differentiated, has a nuclear membrane, nucleolus and chromosomes, and has complete organelles in the cytoplasm, such as fungi.
The relationship between microorganisms and humans
Microorganisms are beneficial and necessary for the survival of humans, animals, and plants, and for the circulation of materials in nature; without microorganisms, plants cannot metabolize, and humans and animals will also find it difficult to survive.
A brief history of the development of microbiology
The development process of medical microbiology
Experience period: Although ancient humans did not observe specific microorganisms, microbial knowledge has long been used in industrial and agricultural production and disease prevention and control in daily life practice.
Experimental period: In 1676, the Dutchman Leeuwenhoek used a self-made microscope capable of magnifying 266 times to examine sewage, tartar, feces, etc., and observed microorganisms for the first time, laying the foundation for the development of microbiology.
Modern microbiology period: Entering the mid-20th century, with the advancement of molecular biology and the establishment and improvement of various new technologies, microbiology has developed extremely rapidly.
human parasitology
The concept and classification of parasites and human parasitology
Parasite
Concept: Parasites refer to lower invertebrates and single-celled protozoa that are attached to the body or surface of another organism for a long time or temporarily, obtaining nutrients and causing damage to the other organism.
human parasitology
Concept: Human parasitology is a discipline that studies parasites related to human health and their relationship with the human body and the external environment.
Classification:
Medical worms: They are multicellular invertebrates, soft-bodied, and move by muscle contraction. There are more than 160 kinds of parasitic parasites on the human body, the important ones are roundworms, hookworms, schistosomiasis and tapeworms.
.Medical protozoa: They are single-celled eukaryotic animals with independent and complete physiological functions. There are about 40 species of protozoa that parasitize the human body, among which the main pathogenic species are Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichomonas vaginalis.
Medical arthropods or medical insects: Most of them have segmented bodies and have morphological characteristics such as exoskeletons and appendages. The main surface parasites include mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, mites, etc.