MindMap Gallery The location and structure of plant cells
This is a mind map about the location and structure of plant cells. The main contents include: cell contents, protoplasts, and cell walls.
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The location and structure of plant cells
cell wall
cell wall stratification
intercellular layer
The outermost layer of the cell wall, located between two cells
primary wall
Before the cell stops growing, the cell wall layer formed by protoplast secretion is located inside the intercellular layer.
secondary wall
After the cells stop growing, some cells continue to deposit on the inside of the primary wall
The outermost layer of plant cells and one of the characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells
plasmodesmata and pits
plasmodesmata
Protoplasmic filaments that pass through the cell wall to communicate with adjacent cells
pits
pit cavity
space enclosed by secondary walls
pit membrane
The primary wall and intercellular layer at the bottom of the pit cavity
protoplast
plasma membrane
A transparent film on the outermost side of the cell protoplast, in contact with the cell wall (the cross section of the cytoplasmic membrane under an electron microscope shows three bright and dark bands, the dark band is protein, and the bright band is the lipid bilayer (skeleton of the plasma membrane) Two layers of phospholipid bimolecules face each other with non-polar hydrophobic tails and polar heads facing the bilayer surface) flow mosaic model.
cell nucleus
Located in the center of the cell, when the cell matures, the nucleus is gradually squeezed toward the cell wall due to the formation of a large central vacuole.
nuclear envelope
Located in the outermost layer of the cell nucleus, it is composed of two parallel but discontinuous membranes, the inner and outer layers.
ribosomal particles
nuclear lamina
perinuclear space
Chromatin
A filament-like structure composed of DNA, histones, non-histone proteins, and a small amount of RNA
nucleolus
Very obvious nodules in the nucleus, spherical in shape, without membrane coating, one or more
nuclear matrix
Protein-based grid structure system
cytoplasm
The part of the cell outside the nucleus within the plasma membrane
plastid
chloroplast
The chloroplasts of higher plants are mostly ellipsoidal, while in lower plants and algae, the chloroplasts have cup-like, ribbon-like shapes. Chloroplasts are composed of three parts: chloroplast envelope, thylakoids and stroma. The chloroplast membrane is a double-layer membrane. The interior of the chloroplast is filled with matrix, and a complex membrane system is suspended between the matrix. Among them are disc-shaped flat sacs composed of membranes, called thylakoids, and some thylakoids are stacked into stacks, called grana. These thylakoids that make up the grana are called grana thylakoids. There are such thylakoids that penetrate between two or more grana without stacking. These thylakoids are called stromal thylakoids or stromal lamellae.
chromatic body
There are many shapes of colored bodies, such as needle-shaped, spherical, irregular, etc.
white body
Commonly found in all cells of plants, especially in storage cells
Mitochondria
Observed under an electron microscope, mitochondria are wrapped by double membranes, namely the outer membrane and the inner membrane. The membrane is filled with matrix. There are many tubular or pleated structures formed by the inner membrane folding inward in the matrix, called (crista) (Fig. 1-15, Figure 1-16). The formation of greatly expands the surface area of the inner membrane. Mitochondria are the place where cells carry out respiration, providing direct energy for cell life activities. Therefore, mitochondria are known as the "power factories" in cells.
endoplasmic reticulum
It is an interconnected network structure composed of tubular or sac-like cavities surrounded by membranes. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is mostly flat and neatly arranged. It is named after a large number of ribosomes distributed on the outer surface of the membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes form a complex functional structure, whose main function is to synthesize and transport proteins. The surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosome binding and is mostly branched and tubular. It is the site of lipid synthesis.
golgi apparatus
It consists of flat vesicles stacked together and a large number of vesicles surrounding them (Figure 1-17). Cells with strong secretory activity, rich in Golgi apparatus
lysosome
They are vesicles wrapped by a single membrane and contain a variety of acidic hydrolases, such as proteases, lipases, nucleases, etc. Therefore, their main function is to degrade biological macromolecules and decompose damaged or dysfunctional cellular structures in cells. fragments, allowing the materials that make up these structures to be reused by cells. Plant cells differentiate into vessels, sieve tubes, and fiber cells In the process, lysosomes are involved
Microbody
It is a granular organelle coated by a single membrane with a diameter of about 0.5~1pm. Microbodies can be divided into two types: peroxisomes and glyoxylate cycle bodies. Peroxisomes are distributed in plant leaf cells and participate in the photorespiration process together with chloroplasts and mitochondria; the glyoxylate cycle exists in germinating seeds containing a large amount of fat. It plays an important role in converting fat into sugar.
vacuole
Coated by a single membrane, the membrane is filled with fluid called cytosol. The vacuoles in young plant cells are small and numerous. As the cells grow, the vacuoles gradually grow larger and merge with each other, often forming a large central vacuole. Mature plant cells have a large central vacuole, which is another feature that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells. After the large central vacuole is formed, the rest of the cytoplasm, together with the nucleus, is squeezed into a thin layer close to the cell wall.
Ribosome
It is a granular structure, not wrapped by a membrane, with a diameter of 25nm. The main components are protein and RNA. Ribosomes exist in two states within cells: one type of ribosome is attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and forms a rough endoplasmic reticulum with it; the other type of ribosome is dispersed in the cytoplasmic matrix and is in a free state
Cytoskeleton
microtubules
A long tubular structure assembled from globular tubulin, with an average outer diameter of 24 nm and variable length.
microfilament
A filament made up of two globular proteins connected together and twisted together. It has a diameter of 7 nanometers and a variable length.
intermediate fiber
A type of hollow tubular fiber with a diameter between microtubules and microfilaments
cellular content
starch
The most common storage form of carbohydrates in cells often exists in the form of granules in cells, called starch granules. Starch granules are often formed and stored in amyloplasts. When observing starch granules under a microscope, you can see alternating light and dark rings surrounding the umbilicus.
protein
Proteins Proteins stored in cells are in a solid state, either crystalline or amorphous. Stored proteins are often in granular form, called aleurone grains. They are found in the outermost layer or several layers of cells of the endosperm of grass seeds, and in the cotyledons of legume seeds.
Fats and oils
It is the storage substance with the highest energy content in cells. Those that are solid at room temperature are called fats, and those that are liquid are called oils. Fats and oils are often found in plant seeds and meristem cells
crystal
Crystals In plant cells, inorganic salts often form various crystals, the most common of which are calcium oxalate crystals. Crystals form in vacuoles and are commonly found in plants