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Philosophical knowledge points
Summary of knowledge points about political philosophy for the second year of high school, including historical theory, Values, basic philosophical theories, dialectics, Epistemology, etc. With it, high school philosophy is no longer difficult! !
Edited at 2024-01-29 14:09:53
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Philosophical knowledge points
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- Outline
philosophy
materialism
I. law
objectivity
It does not mean that people are powerless in the face of objective laws.
On the basis of understanding and grasping the laws, people can Utilize laws according to the conditions and forms in which they take effect
universality
We must respect objective laws and act in accordance with them
II. The dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness
Matter determines consciousness
Require everything to proceed from reality and seek truth from facts
Consciousness has an active effect on matter
People can actively understand the world, conscious activities have purpose, conscious choice and active creativity
We must pay attention to the role of consciousness
People can actively change the world, and consciousness can guide people to turn ideas into realities through practice and create objective things that meet people's purposes.
Pay attention to the power of the spirit
Correct consciousness promotes the development of things, while wrong consciousness hinders the development of things.
Consciously establish correct consciousness and overcome wrong consciousness
III. The dialectical relationship between respecting objective laws and exerting subjective initiative
Respecting objective laws is a prerequisite for correctly exerting subjective initiative, and exerting subjective initiative is a necessary condition for understanding and utilizing objective laws.
We must not only respect the laws and act according to the laws, but also give full play to our subjective initiative and combine the exercise of subjective initiative with respect for objective laws.
The correct consciousness that conforms to objective laws plays a role in promoting the development of things, while the wrong consciousness that violates objective laws plays a hindering role in the development of things.
We must establish correct consciousness and overcome wrong consciousness
dialectics
I. Contact concept
connect
universality
Everything is universally connected
It requires us to look at problems from a relational perspective
objectivity
The connection is inherent in the thing itself and does not depend on human will.
It requires us to grasp things from their inherent connections and avoid subjective arbitrariness.
It does not mean that people are powerless in the face of contact.
People can change the state of things, adjust original connections, and establish new connections based on their inherent connections.
Diversity
We must be good at grasping and analyzing the various conditions for the existence and development of things. Everything is subject to time, place and conditions.
Dialectical relationship between part and whole
The whole occupies a dominant position, the whole commands the parts, and has functions that the parts do not have.
We should establish an overall concept, base ourselves on the whole, coordinate the overall situation, and achieve the overall optimal goal.
The functions and changes of parts will affect the functions of the whole. The functions and changes of key parts may even determine the functions of the whole.
We must pay attention to the functions of the parts and use local development to promote the development of the whole
The whole and the parts are inseparable from each other, and the two can transform into each other under certain conditions.
Correctly handle the relationship between the whole and the parts
II. developing view
develop
universality
The world is eternally developing, and the essence of development is the advancement and rise of things.
Look at issues from a developmental perspective
Dialectical relationship between qualitative change and quantitative change
The development of things always starts with quantitative changes, which are necessary preparations for qualitative changes
We must pay attention to the accumulation of weight and create conditions for achieving qualitative changes in things.
When the two changes reach a certain level, they will inevitably lead to qualitative changes. Qualitative changes are the inevitable result of quantitative changes.
We must seize the opportunity decisively, promote qualitative changes, and achieve leaps in things.
The bright changes of the satellites here open up the way, causing things to begin new quantitative changes based on the mind, and so on in a cycle of continuous progress.
We must adhere to the unity of quantitative change and qualitative change
The unity of progress and twists and turns in development
The future of the development of things is bright
We must be confident in the future, enthusiastically support and carefully protect new things, and promote their growth and expansion.
The path of development of things is tortuous
We must be fully mentally prepared, constantly overcome difficulties on the road ahead, and bravely face setbacks and tests.
III. Contradictory view
contradiction
universality
Recognizing the universality of contradiction is the prerequisite for adhering to materialist dialectics
For everything, we must dare to admit contradictions, face them head-on, be good at analyzing contradictions, and actively find the right way to solve them.
particularity
Different things have different contradictions, the same thing has different contradictions in different processes and stages of development, the same thing has different contradictions, and the two aspects of the same contradiction also have their own particularities.
Adhere to specific analysis of specific issues
unity of opposites
Contradiction is the unity of opposites
It requires us to insist on looking at problems from a comprehensive and bifurcated perspective
The two contradictory parties can transform into each other under certain conditions
We must create conditions to promote contradictions to transform into favorable parties and prevent conflicts from transforming into disadvantageous parties.
The dialectical relationship between the universality of contradiction and struggle
The universality and particularity of contradictions are interconnected
Universality resides in and is expressed through particularity. Without particularity, there would be no universality.
Particularity cannot be separated from universality, and particularity contains universality
The universality and particularity of contradictions can transform into each other under certain conditions
The dialectical relationship between the main contradiction and the secondary contradiction
The main contradiction occupies a dominant position in the development process of things and plays a decisive role in the development of things.
We must be good at focusing on the key points when doing things and concentrate our efforts on solving the main contradictions.
Secondary contradictions will affect the resolution of the main contradiction
We must learn to take into account all aspects and properly handle secondary contradictions
The main contradiction and the secondary contradiction depend on each other and influence each other, and transform into each other under certain conditions.
We must adhere to the unity of the two-point theory and the key point theory
The dialectical relationship between the main and secondary aspects of contradiction
The main aspects of the contradiction are in a dominant position and play a leading role. The nature of things is mainly determined by the main aspects of the main contradiction.
We must focus on grasping the main aspects of contradictions and distinguish the mainstream
Secondary aspects of contradiction also affect the nature of things
We cannot ignore the secondary aspects of the contradiction and ignore the tributaries.
The main and secondary aspects of contradiction are interdependent and mutually exclusive, and can transform into each other under certain conditions.
We must adhere to the unity of the two-point theory and the key point theory
epistemology
I. know
Repeatability
People's correct understanding of a thing often requires many iterations from practice to understanding, and then from understanding to practice.
infinity
Human understanding is the pursuit of infinite development, and truth is a never-ending process
rising
The cycle from practice to knowledge, and from knowledge to practice, is a wave-like advancement or spiral upward process. The truth constantly surpasses itself in the development.
methodology
We must keep pace with the times, pioneer and innovate, understand and discover the truth in practice, and test and develop the truth in practice
II. Correct understanding, that is, truth
objectivity
Truth is a scientific category that marks the consistency between subjectivity and objectivity. It is people’s correct reflection of objective things and their laws.
There is only one truth, and everyone is equal before the truth
concreteness
Any truth is relative to a specific process and is the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, theory and practice, concreteness and history.
Truth and falsehood often go hand in hand. We must treat errors correctly.
conditionality
Any truth has its own applicable conditions and scope
III. The dialectical relationship between practice and knowledge
Practice is the basis of understanding
Practice is the source of knowledge
Practice is the purpose of understanding
Practice is the driving force for cognitive development
Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth of knowledge
We must adhere to the perspective of practice first and actively participate in social practice
Understanding has a counterproductive effect on practice. Correct understanding will promote the development of practice, and wrong understanding will hinder the development of practice.
We must attach great importance to the guiding role of scientific theory and achieve a concrete historical unity of theory and practice.
History
I. The dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness
Social existence determines social consciousness
What kind of social existence there is, what kind of social consciousness
The changes and development of social existence determine the changes and development of social consciousness
We must proceed from the reality of social existence and seek truth from facts
Social consciousness is relatively independent
Social consciousness sometimes lags behind social existence, and sometimes changes and develops before social existence.
Backward social consciousness hinders social development. Advanced social awareness can be correct Foresee the direction and trend of social development and play a positive role in promoting social development.
It is necessary to establish a correct social consciousness, overcome wrong social consciousness, and pay attention to the construction of socialist spiritual civilization
II. The dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations
Productivity determines production relations
The status of productivity determines the nature of production relations
Changes and development of productive forces will sooner or later lead to changes in production relations
Production relations have a counterproductive effect on productivity
When production relations adapt to the development of productive forces, it plays a role in promoting the development of productive forces.
When production relations do not adapt to the development of productive forces, it hinders the development of productive forces.
methodology
We must respect the objective laws of social development, vigorously develop productive forces, and constantly adjust production relations to adapt them to the conditions of productive forces.
III. The dialectical relationship between superstructure and economic base
Upper decision decided by the economic background
The superstructure has a counterproductive effect on the economic base
When the superstructure adapts to the conditions of the economic base, it promotes the consolidation and improvement of the economic base.
When it does not adapt to the economic basic conditions, it will hinder the development and reform of the economic basics.
When the superstructure serves the advanced economic base, it promotes the development of productive forces and promotes social progress.
When it serves the backward economic base, it constrains the development of productive forces and hinders social progress.
methodology
We must respect the objective laws of social development, adjust aspects and links in the superstructure that are not suitable for the development of the economic base, and make the superstructure adapt to the advanced economic base.
IV. Human society
basic contradictions in human society
The contradiction between productivity and production relations
The contradiction between economic base and superstructure
basic laws of human society
Production relations must adapt to the laws of productivity conditions
The superstructure must adapt to the laws of the economic base
The driving force for the development of human society
fundamental driving force for social development
basic contradictions in society
direct driving force for social development
Class struggle is the direct driving force for the development of class society
Reform is the direct driving force for the development of socialist society
The main driving force of social development
People
V. reform
nature
Reform is the self-improvement and development of the socialist system
effect
It is the direct driving force for the development of socialist society
The fundamental purpose
Shishi's production relations adapt to the development of productive forces, so that the superstructure adapts to the development of the economic base.
VI. People
The people are the main body of social history and the creators of history
The people are the creators of material wealth, the creators of spiritual wealth, and the decisive force for social change.
methodology
Put the people at the center, adhere to the people's dominant position, realize, maintain and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people
values
Human values
The value of a person lies in meeting the needs of others in society and himself through his own activities, and most importantly in his contribution to society
People are both creators and enjoyers of value
The evaluation of a person's value, in the final analysis, depends on his contribution. The most fundamental thing is his contribution to social development and human progress.
It requires us to unify people's social value and self-worth, and realize our own value in our contribution to society.
The guiding role of values
Values play an important guiding role in people's activities to understand and transform the world.
Values influence people’s understanding and evaluation of things
Values influence people's activities to transform the world and influence people's behavioral choices
Values are an important guide in life
Values carry the spiritual pursuit of a nation and country and embody a society’s standards for judging right and wrong.
methodology
Establish correct values and overcome wrong values
Cultivate and practice socialist core values and advocate socialist collectivist values
socialist core values
Fundamental contents
Prosperity, democracy, civilization, and harmony are the value goals at the national level
Freedom, equality, justice and the rule of law are the value orientations at the social level
Patriotism, dedication, integrity, and friendliness are the values of individual citizens.
importance
The core values of socialism are a concentrated expression of the spirit of contemporary China and embody the common value pursuit of all people.
The core values of socialism not only embody the essential requirements of socialism, inherit the excellent traditional culture of China, but also absorb the beneficial achievements of world civilization and embody the spirit of the times.
Require
To cultivate and practice the core socialist values, we must make the influence of the core values of socialism as ubiquitous as the air, all the time.
It is the socialist core values that are closely linked to people's daily lives, and we must work hard to implement them in every detail.
Internalize the socialist core values into people’s spiritual pursuits and externalize them into people’s conscious actions
Value judgment and value choice
relation
Value judgment is the basis of value selection
Value choice is the embodiment of value judgment
Features
social historicity
Value judgments and value choices vary with time, place and conditions
class nature
Faced with the same thing or behavior, people of different classes and strata will make different or even diametrically opposed value judgments and value choices.
subject difference
Value judgments and value choices often vary from person to person
To establish correct values and make correct value judgments and choices, we must adhere to our true strength, consciously follow the objective laws of social development, and consciously stand on the standpoint of the overwhelming majority of the people.
Creation and realization of value
fundamental approach
Actively engaging in the practice of serving the people is the only way to realize the value of life and the fundamental way to have a happy life.
objective factor
Create and realize value in the unity of individual and society
subjective conditions
Create and realize value through self-improvement
Create and realize life value
It is necessary to give full play to subjective initiative and the spirit of tenacious struggle and self-improvement.
You need to work hard to grow your talents. Comprehensively improve personal quality
It requires firm ideals and beliefs and the guidance of correct values.
We need to hone our moral character and continuously lay a solid foundation for morality.
Basic theories of philosophy
The emergence of philosophy
Philosophical wisdom arises from human practical activities
Philosophy originates from people's questioning and thinking about the universe and life in their daily life practice
Philosophy is the unity of worldview and methodology
basic questions of philosophy
The relationship between thinking and existence, that is, the relationship between consciousness and matter
Questions about the appropriate origin of thinking and being
materialism
idealism
The question of whether thinking and existence are identical, that is, whether thinking can correctly understand existence
knowability
agnosticism
idealism and materialism
disagreement
It revolves around the question of who is the origin of matter and consciousness.
the difference
Materialism believes that matter is the original consciousness, which is derived from matter first and then consciousness, and matter determines consciousness.
Idealism believes that consciousness is the source of matter and depends on consciousness. It is not matter that determines consciousness, but consciousness that determines matter.
Three basic forms of materialism
ancient simple materialism
modern metaphysical materialism
Dialectical materialism and historical materialism
Two basic forms of idealism
subjective idealism
objective idealism
Marxist Philosophy
historical mission
To achieve the liberation of the proletariat and all mankind
Basic Features
The practical perspective is the core perspective of Marxist philosophy. For the first time, Marxist philosophy realized the organic combination of materialism and dialectics on the basis of science.
Marxist philosophy realizes the unity of scientific nature and revolutionary nature based on practice
Keeping pace with the times is the unique theoretical quality of Marxist philosophy
Mass views and mass line
Fundamental contents
Viewpoint of the masses: Believe that the people will liberate themselves, serve the people wholeheartedly, be responsible to the people in everything, and learn from the people with an open mind
Mass line: everything is for the masses, everything depends on the masses, come from the masses, go to the masses
status
The mass viewpoint is the fundamental position and viewpoint of the proletarian party and the fundamental starting point for the party to formulate its line, principles and policies
The mass line is the fundamental leadership method and working method of the proletarian party, and is the lifeline and fundamental work line of our party
Why adhere to the mass viewpoint and mass line
The mass line is the lifeline and fundamental line of work of our party, and an important heirloom for our party to maintain its youthful vitality and combat effectiveness.
The most important thing to maintain the party's advanced nature and purity and consolidate the party's ruling foundation and status is to rely on the people's views and line and keep close contact with the people
How to adhere to the mass viewpoint and mass line
To develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, we must adhere to the people-centered approach and the people’s dominant position
Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the cause of hundreds of millions of people. We must give full play to the people's spirit of ownership, better protect the people's rights and interests, better ensure that the people are the masters of the country, and realize, maintain and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people.
The importance of material production
The production activities of material materials are the basis for the existence and development of human society.
The mode of production determines the nature and appearance of society, and the transformation of the mode of production determines the replacement of social forms.
The dialectical relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge
Perceptual knowledge is the primary stage of knowledge, and rational knowledge is the advanced stage of knowledge.
Perceptual knowledge needs to be developed and deepened into rational knowledge. Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge. The two penetrate each other, include each other and have a dialectical unity relationship.
Adhere to materialist dialectics and oppose metaphysics
Dialectics advocates looking at problems from a comprehensive perspective of connection and development
Metaphysics advocates looking at problems from an isolated, static and one-sided point of view
The focus and fundamental difference between materialist dialectics and metaphysics lies in whether to admit contradiction and whether to admit that contradiction is the source and driving force of the development of things. Contradiction analysis is the fundamental method of understanding things
We must consciously adhere to materialist dialectics and oppose metaphysics
Analyze specific issues
Concrete analysis of specific problems refers to concretely analyzing the particularity of contradictions and finding the correct method to resolve them under the guidance of the principle of universality of contradictions
Concrete analysis of specific issues is an important principle of Marxism and the living soul of Marxism.
Concrete analysis of specific problems is the basis for correct understanding of things and the key to correctly resolving conflicts.
The dialectical relationship between contradictory identity and struggle
The identity of contradiction is relative. The identity of contradiction cannot exist without the nature of struggle. The identity of both parties is the identity in opposition, and it is the identity that includes differences.
The combative nature of contradictions is absolute, and the combative nature of contradictions cannot exist without identity. The combative nature of contradictions resides in and is restricted by identity.
The unity of opposites between the two sides of the contradiction promotes the movement, change and development of things, thus forming the source and driving force for the development of things.
dialectical negation
Everything must go through the dialectical development process of affirmation and negation, and then to negation of negation.
The essence of dialectical negation is foreign style. Deny yourself and develop yourself.
Dialectical negation is the link of connection and development
To establish a sense of innovation
System Optimization
The basic characteristics of the system are integrity, orderliness and the optimization trend of the internal structure
It is necessary to master the method of system optimization, understand things with a comprehensive thinking method, and focus on the overall situation of things. Integrity, pay attention to the orderliness of the internal structure of the system, and focus on the optimization trend of the internal structure of the system
How to proceed from reality and seek truth from facts: one respect, one play, two combination, two opposition
Respect the objective laws of material movement
Give full play to subjective initiative, constantly emancipate the mind, keep pace with the times, explore the essence and laws of things with a truth-seeking and pragmatic spirit, arm the mind with scientific theories, and guide practice
We must combine subjective initiative with respect for objective laws, and combine a high degree of revolutionary enthusiasm with a rigorous and pragmatic scientific attitude.
The voluntarism that emphasizes consciousness and active role in crime must also be opposed to the one-sided emphasis on objective conditions, the idea of being content with the status quo, following the old ways, and doing nothing.
The dialectical relationship between matter and motion: we are required to look at the problem from the perspective of the change and development of motion