altitude

mountains blocking

Inland areas have large temperature differences between day and night and strong weathering

Alpine area, cold climate, development of glaciers

Desert areas have less precipitation, strong winds, and large temperature differences between day and night.

Humid areas have more precipitation and strong water flow

flow direction

flow

flow rate

Multiple faults. A large amount of surface water seeps down along the cracks and turns into groundwater. Under the action of water erosion and dissolution, underground rivers and caves are formed.

The amount of runoff is reduced, the sand content carried by river water is reduced, the delta is degraded, and coastal erosion is intensified.

Form floodplain, alluvial fan, delta

altitude

slope

aspect

The foothills form a fertile alluvial fan

The Loess Plateau has loose soil and water erosion has formed thousands of ravines.

Mountains have high altitudes and obvious vertical differentiation of vegetation.

vegetation destruction

vegetation restoration

Reduced runoff, reduced soil moisture, and reduced fertility

The soil is loose, water and soil erosion is aggravated, and the sand content of rivers is increasing; frozen soil is widespread, making it difficult for surface water to seep down; the frozen soil layer is deep and difficult to erode, and erosion is intense, and river valleys are wide

The runoff volume is reduced, and the fishery resources in the estuary are reduced; the wetland is reduced, affecting the growth and habitat of animals and plants; the swamp and the river channel cannot exchange water quality, and the organic matter in the river is reduced; the water flow is slow, the water quality is poor, and the aquatic life is reduced

Destruction of vegetation leads to a decrease in the ability to conserve water sources and a decrease in groundwater levels.

Direct impacts: Arid climate, insufficient water, low soil moisture, obvious wind and weathering effects, forming large wind deserts; humid climate, large precipitation, strong leaching and erosion; slow decomposition of organic matter in frozen soil areas, high organic matter content

Indirect influence: Climate indirectly affects the formation and development of soil by affecting the rock weathering process, external landforms, and the activities of animals, plants, and microorganisms.

river

lake

seawater

The lake surface is shrinking, the ability to regulate climate is weak, and there are many extreme climates

The meander lengthens the river to a certain extent, expands the water surface of the valley, and regulates the climate along the route.

Biological organisms are the source of organic matter in soil, and soil fertility is closely related to biological growth conditions.

Masson pine, tea trees, and citrus grow in acidic soil; sea buckthorn and wolfberry grow in alkaline desert soil.