MindMap Gallery Seal and contract validity
This is a mind map about the validity of seals and contracts. It introduces the signature, seal, and The contract has a signature but no seal. There are several situations such as a seal on the contract and no signature.
Edited at 2024-01-23 09:40:07This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Seal and contract validity
The contract has a signature + seal
The seal is forged
The legal representative/person in charge/staff enters into the contract in the name of a legal person or unincorporated organization and does not exceed their authority
Legal persons and unincorporated organizations only claim that the seal affixed to the contract is a forged seal.
The people's court will not support the claim that the contract has no effect on it.
Seal non-registration seal
The legal representative/person in charge/staff enters into the contract in the name of a legal person or unincorporated organization and does not exceed their authority
Legal persons and unincorporated organizations only rely on the fact that the seal affixed to the contract is not the registration seal.
The people's court will not support the claim that the contract has no effect on it.
The contract has a signature but no seal
It is concluded in the name of a legal person or unincorporated organization, with only the signature/fingerprint of the legal representative/person in charge/staff but no seal of the legal person/unincorporated organization.
The counterparty can prove that the legal representative/person in charge/staff did not exceed their authority when entering into the contract.
The burden of proof is assigned to the counterparty, who bears the burden of proof
The people's court should determine that the contract is valid for legal persons/unincorporated organizations
However, the contract stipulates that affixing a seal is the condition for establishing the contract.
The contract has a seal but no signature
The contract only has the seal of a legal person/unincorporated organization and no signatures/fingerprints.
The counterparty can prove that the contract was concluded by the legal representative/person in charge/staff within the scope of his or her authority
The burden of proof is assigned to the counterparty, who bears the burden of proof
The people's court should determine that the contract is valid for legal persons/unincorporated organizations
Article 22 of the Interpretation of the General Principles of Contracts
The signer exceeded representative/agent authority
However, if it constitutes an apparent agent/apparent representative, the people's court shall determine that the contract is effective for the legal person/unincorporated organization
apparent representative
The legal representative of a legal person/the person in charge of an unincorporated organization exceeds his authority to enter into a contract
The counterparty does not know/should not know that he or she has exceeded his/her authority
Representative behavior is valid
The counterparty knows/should know that he or she has exceeded his/her authority
Representative behavior is invalid
Article 504 of the Civil Code
apparent agency
The actor has no agency power/exceeds the agency power/still performs agency behavior after the agency power is terminated
The counterparty has reason to believe that the perpetrator has agency
Agent behavior is valid
Article 172 of the Civil Code