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Japanese

This is a mind map about Japanese. Learning Japanese is a process that requires patience and continuous practice. I hope this mind map can help you learn Japanese better.

Edited at 2024-01-13 15:42:22

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Outline

Grammar Topics
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Japanese N5-N3 Grammar Summary Your Japanese 1-50 Lessons
- 208
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Korean TOPIK Elementary Test Preparation
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Japanese

entry unit

fifty tones

vowel

あ, い, う, え, お

dial tone

ん appears at the end of a syllable - the pronunciation of ん changes depending on the following syllables

①Pronounce "m" before ぱ, ば, and ま → さんぽ

②Pronounce "n" before た, だ, ら, な → はんとう

③Pronounce "ng" in other syllables (such as か, が, etc.) or at the end of words → ねんあい

Acoustic sound

There is one syllable that is actually inaudible - it only occurs before the lines か, さ, た, and は

long sound

A short sound counts as one beat, and a long sound counts as two beats. The pronunciation remains unchanged and you only need to lengthen the sound by one beat.

あdankana followed by あ represents a long sound

いdankana followed by い represents a long sound

うdankana followed by う represents a long sound

えdankana is followed by い, and occasionally え indicates a long sound.

おdankana is followed by う, and occasionally followed by お to indicate a long sound

All long sounds in katakana are represented by the macron symbol "one"

first lesson

~Yes~

noun は (prompt topic) noun です

e.g.

李さんは中文です. (Xiao Li is Chinese.)

~No~

Negative sentences of sentences that are both nouns

Noun は Noun では（じゃ——Spoken）ありません

e.g.

李さんは student ではありません. (Mr. Li is not a student.)

~Yes~?

Questions about sentences that are all nouns

noun は noun ですか

answer

はい，（そうです）。

いいえ，（ちがいます）。

分かりません。（不知道）

e.g.

あなたはOno さんですか. (Are you Ms. Ono?) はい, Ono です.

キムさんは中文ですか. (Is Ms. Jin Chinese?) いいえ, Chinese ではありません.

Indicates the institution, country and attributes to which it belongs

noun の(的) noun

In Japanese, no matter what the relationship between nouns is, generally add の

e.g.

李さんは Mr. です of University. (Mr. Li is a university teacher.)

Second lesson

これask and それanswer それAsk and これAnswer あれAsk あれAnswer

"This, that"

___ は ___ です.

when referring to things

near→far：これ→それ→あれ

e.g.

これは本です. (This is a book.)

それはかばんです. (That's the bag)

あれはてレビです. (That's a TV)

When modifying a noun

この（thing/person）

このカメラはスミスさんのです. (This camera belongs to Mr. Smith.)

Duplicate カメラ is omitted

その（thing/person）

その自転车は松さんのです. (That bicycle belongs to Mr. Mori.)

あの（thing/person）

あのノートはだれのですか. (Whose notebook is that?)

When referring to a place

near→far：ここ→そこ→あそこ

e.g.

ここはデパートです. (This is a department store.)

そこは図书馆です. (That's the library.)

あそこは入り口です. (That's the entrance.)

Question words

Ask who it is

だれ（どなた）か

だれ is used when the other person is of equal or lower status than you, and どなた is used when you are talking to someone who is superior to you or someone who is higher than you.

eg.

スミスさんはどなたですか。

e.g.

あの人はだれですか. (who's that person?)

あれはだれの umbrella ですか. (Whose umbrella is that?)

あのノートはだれのですか. (Whose notebook is that?)

Ask what it is

He か

e.g.

それは何ですか. (what is that?)

There are more than three things, and you can’t be sure which one they are.

Use alone

どれ

e.g.

Mori さんのかばんはどれですか.

Modify noun

どの

e.g.

Ono's machine is the same. (Which table is Ms. Ono’s table?)

Ask about the place

どこか

Honorific どちら

e.g.

テレビはどこですか.

Contemporary things これそれあれどれ/何 Conjoined words このそのあのどの Generation location ここそこあそこどこ Honorific words for place: こちらそちらあちらどちら

Lesson Three

★Floor

ここ, そこ, あそこ (See Lesson 2)

"Noun" exists in "noun (place)"

noun は noun (place) です

e.g.

The cafeteria is on the 7th floor. (The cafeteria is on the 7th floor of the department store.)

トイレはここです. (The toilet is here.)

Ono Yusuke's office. (Ms. Ono is in the office.)

Ask about the place (see Lesson 2)

"also"

noun も noun です

e.g.

李さんは中文です. Zhang さんも中文です.

Ask for multiple possible answers

noun は noun ですか, noun ですか

e.g.

Today is the day of the water and the day of the day.

Ask for price

noun はいくらですか

e.g.

これはいくらですか. (how much is this?)

Fourth lesson

あります(without will)/います(with will)

~Yes~

Noun (place) に Noun (object/person) あります/います

Negative sentence: ありません / いません Interrogative sentence: 部屋に机がありますか / 部屋に何がありますか.

e.g.

The house is full of fun.

The house is a cat.

~in~

Noun (thing/person) は Noun (place) あります/います

Negative sentence: ありません / いません Interrogative sentence: 机はどこにありますか.

e.g.

いすは部屋にあります.

The child is provided with a house.

and

と

ビルとテレビ

means up and down, inside and outside, front and back, side

Noun の Upper/lower/middle/outside/front/backろ/neighbor

On board

To express confirmation with others

ね

express total denial

Question word も verb (negative)

e.g.

Classroomにだれもいません. (No one is in the classroom)

Classroomに何もありません. (There is nothing in the classroom)

fifth lesson

★Time, week

indicates the current time

Today ~hour~minuteです

When both parties clearly mention the current time, today can be omitted. Ask for specific time when

e.g.

It's 4 o'clock today.

When is it today? 8:30am.

tense

Not the past

verb ます

李さんは働きます every day. (Mr. Mori works every day.)

Tomorrow will be closed tomorrow. (Mr. Mori is off tomorrow.)

non-past negation

verb ません

Mori さんは Today 働きません. (Mr. Sen is not working today.)

Tomorrow will be closed tomorrow. (Mr. Mori will not have a day off tomorrow)

past

verb ました

Mori さんは first Zhou Xiu みました. (Mr. Mori was off last week.)

past negation

verb ませんでした

privy yesterday 働きませんでした. (I didn't go to work yesterday.)

Indicates the time when an action occurs

noun (time) verb

When describing a time or day of the week that contains numbers, add に after it. But words such as today, tomorrow, yesterday, every day, last year, next year, etc. cannot be followed by に

e.g.

Mori さんは 7 o'clock にきまし. (Mr. Mori gets up at 7 o'clock.)

Indicates that an action occurs during a certain period

noun (time) から noun (time) まで verb

から and まで can be used alone

わたしの９時から働きます。（我从9点开始工作。）

森さんは２時まで勉強します。（森先生学习到两点。）

e.g.

わたしは９时から５时まで働きます. (I work from 9 to 5.)

It's 9 o'clock and it's 5 o'clock.

Asking when an action or situation took place

When asking about the beginning or end of a continuous action or state of affairs

いつから、何曜日まで

展覧会はいつから始まりますか。（展览会什么时候开始？）

張さんは何曜日まで休みますか。（小张休息到星期几？）火曜日までです。

いつ verb ますか

When asking about a very specific time, add に after the word indicating time, such as when に, 何曜日に, 何日に

仕事は何時に終わりますか。（工作几点结束？）

Try the best. (When does the exam start?)

は can also express comparison

Lesson Six

いきます（行きます）Go / かえります（帰ります）Come back, go back / きます（来ます）Come

Indicates the destination of movement

Noun [place] へ (read え) verb

e.g.

Yoshida さんは中国へ行きまぢ. (Mr. Yoshida went to China.)

Mori さんは日本へ帰ります. (Mr. Mori returns to Japan.)

李さんはどこへ行きましたか. (Where did Xiao Li go?)

Indicates the starting point of movement

noun [place] からverb

e.g.

Li Yunxi came to Beijing first. (Xiao Li came from Beijing last month.)

あの方はどこから来ましたか. (Where did that person come from?)

Indicates an object that does something together

noun [person] and verb

e.g.

Ono Yuda and Yuda Yuda. (Ms. Ono went back with her friends.)

李さんはだれと日本ヘ来ましたか. (Who did Xiao Li come to Japan with?)

Indicates the means of transportation used

noun [transport] and verb

e.g.

Shanghai is a flying machine. (Go to Shanghai by plane.)

李さんは歩いて帰りました. (Xiao Li walks back.)

Kyoto is the place where it comes from. (How did you come to Kyoto?)

He reads なに, why is なん

Represents the starting point and end point of movement

noun [place] から noun [place] まで verb

e.g.

李さんは駅からアパートまで歩いて帰りました. (Xiao Li walked back to the apartment from the station.)

に/で/へ/から/まで/とは means emphasis

Lesson Seven

moving object

object を verb

place of action

Noun (place) and verb

e.g.

李さんは図书馆でgrudgingします. (Xiao Li is studying in the library.)

Today's news is news. (Where did you read the newspaper today?)

Choose from several nouns

noun か noun

e.g.

わたしはEvery morningパンかお禾を食べます. (I eat bread or porridge every morning.)

Buy something or order at a restaurant

noun をください

e.g.

コーラとケーキをください. (Please give me Coke and cake.)

この本をください. (I buy this book.)

Lesson Eight

Represents other means and raw materials

Noun (tool) and verb

e.g.

李さんは日本语で toilet paper を书きます. (Xiao Li wrote in Japanese)

何でうどんを为りますか. (What are you using to make noodles?)

Give

あげます

Noun (person) は Noun (receiver) に Noun (item) をあげます

e.g.

My younger brother, Ono, is a beautiful flower. (My brother sent flowers to Ms. Ono.)

get, accept

もらいます

Noun (person) は Noun (giver) に/から Noun (item) をもらいます

When one of the third persons is a relative of the speaker, it is handled according to the speaker's perspective

eg.

母は小野さんにパンかチをもらいます。

e.g.

わたしはOno さんに (から) dictionary をもらいます. (I got a dictionary from Ms. Ono/Ms. Ono gave me a dictionary.)

See

会います

Noun (person) に会います

e.g.

李さんはTomorrow Nagashima さんに会います. (Xiao Li will see Mr. Nagashima tomorrow.)

Remind the other person of things they don’t know or understand

よ

means "already"

もう verb ました

Yes

はい, もう食べました.

negative answer

いいえ, まだですいいえ, たべでいません

Lesson 9

a kind of adjective

Adjectives ending in い

deformation

affirmative form

Noun は A kind of adjective です

e.g.

Sichuan cuisine is very spicy. (Sichuan food is very spicy.)

negative form

Noun は The い at the end of a type of adjective becomes くないです/ありません

Another way to say いい is よい. If you want to transform, you can only change it with よい, so the negative form of いいです is よくないです/ よくありません

e.g.

このスープは热くないです/ありません. (This soup is not hot)

past form

Noun は, the い at the end of a type of adjective becomes かったです

The past form of いいです is よかったです

e.g.

Travel は楽しかったで

past negative form

Noun は The い at the end of a type of adjective becomes くなかったです/ありませんでした

The past negation of いいです is よくなかったです/ありませんでした

e.g.

It was cold yesterday.

Can directly modify nouns

A type of adjective noun

おいしい cuisine

あまり

The appearance of あまり must be negative

あまり A type of adjective negation

adverb of degree

Anyone who has time can join me.