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MindMap Gallery Measurement Chapter 8 Norm Reference Test

Measurement Chapter 8 Norm Reference Test

Measurement Chapter 8 Norm-Referenced Test summarizes the basic concepts related to norms, the preparation of norms, the interpretation and application of norm-referenced test scores, etc.

Edited at 2023-12-22 12:33:11

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Measurement Chapter 8 Norm Reference Test

Basic concepts and logic review

Basic logical construction

The original score has little meaning. The meaning of the numerical value can only be determined by comparing it with a certain reference system.

Purpose—Correct interpretation, evaluation, and use of test scores

Establish a reference system or comparison standard to compare scores.

Different classifications of tests with reference to standards

norm-referenced test

Reference standard

The general level or level status distribution of the characteristics of the group to which the subject belongs

Example: average score on exam

criterion referenced test

reference standard

Society’s objective requirements or a specified external standard for the psychological traits being measured

Example: Passing line for university final exam

The nature of norm-referenced testing

It's essentially a test

is a way of interpreting, evaluating, and using test scores

Establish a unified standard to interpret and compare scores by obtaining relative positions

Norm is a form of establishing standards and a scale of comparison.

Basic concepts related to norms

norm

Definition of norm

Subject group

Desire to measure psychological traits

temporality

stability

universality

General level or horizontal distribution state

The meaning of norm

According to the norm, explain the relative position of the individual level in the reference group

norm group

definition

a group of people who share certain characteristics

The psychological traits that the test is intended to measure are common characteristics

How to determine norm groups

test maker

The selected norm group must be representative of the population

Quiz users

Select norms from different angles🫱🏻Choose the most suitable group

The membership structure of the norm group

Achievement and Aptitude Tests

Ability and personality tests

Considerations for identifying norm groups

The boundaries of group composition must be clear

Describe in detail the nature and characteristics of each norm group

a representative sample of the population tested

randomization principle

Sampling procedures must be clearly and thoroughly described

Sampling size

Sampling time

Sampling methods, etc.

Sample size should be appropriate

Generally, 30-100

Nationwide, 2000-3000

The more complex the population properties, the larger the total sample size

The higher the accuracy, the larger the total sample size

The norm group must be recent👉🏻contemporary

Pay attention to the combination of general norms and special norms

The relationship between norms and norm groups

Any test may have many norm groups

The score distribution of the norm group is the norm

Preparation of norms (establishment of standards)

Select the norm group (scientific sampling) 👉🏻 Make sure which subject group the test is used for

probability sampling

definition

Object - every individual in the study population

Feature - the probability of extraction is known

Features - Random Sampling

type

simple random sampling

Systematic sampling (mechanical sampling, equidistant sampling)

There is no order to arrange, no hierarchical structure exists, the key is group spacing

stratified sampling

Group according to different stratification variables (gender, age, education, occupation, etc.), and then perform group sampling

Heterogeneous between layers, homogeneous within layers

Cluster sampling - homogeneous among groups, heterogeneous within groups

Take a small subgroup as the sampling unit

Scope of application

Quantitative research or large-scale formal research

non-probability sampling

definition

Object - each research object

Feature 1 - Unknown extraction probability

Feature 2 - No random sampling

type

convenience sampling

judgment sampling

quota sampling

snowball sampling

Scope of application

Qualitative research or small-scale informal research

Scientifically compile and administer tests to obtain actual measurement data 👉🏻 Obtain scores from normative groups

Reasonable statistical analysis, establishing norms 👉🏻Convert original scores into derived scores (conversion and synthesis of scores)

conversion of fractions

Reasons for conversion of scores

Can clearly determine relative position 🫱🏻Compare with others and evaluate scores

Individuals can be compared horizontally on different tests

Conceptual distinction

raw score

Reflects the number of questions answered correctly by the subject or the degree of correctness of the answers

Export scores

On the basis of raw scores

After certain rules, statistical processing is performed

Obtain a score scale or symbol system with certain reference points and units that can be compared with each other

method

Two dimensions of thinking

Vertical conversion🫳🏻 relies on comparing different age development levels with individual scores and converting them into corresponding grades

Horizontal conversion🫳🏻Compare individual scores with others in the same group and convert them into corresponding levels

specific method

Percentile rank score (most widely used)

definition

The percentage of people who score below this score among the group's test scores ()

understand

The greater the percentage value, the better the result👉🏻

formula expression

unclassified

Applicable objects——-The subject group is small

Calculation formula

Group

Applicable objects - larger subject groups

Calculation formula

evaluate

advantage

It is a relative position quantity that is comparable, easy to calculate, and easy to explain.

Can understand the relative position of a certain psychological trait of the subject in the group

Comparable subjects’ development status on different psychological test traits

Not affected by the original score distribution state

shortcoming

The units are not equal, and the reaction is too sensitive in areas with dense scores.

Interpret scores relative to a specific group of subjects relative to a specific reference group

Standard score (Z-score)

definition

In a distribution, how many standard deviations does an individual score lie above or below the mean.

Use the mean score as the ruler, the standard deviation as the unit of measurement, and the interval scale

understand

Comparable and additive

Standard scores do not change the distribution shape of the original scores

The standard score is a relative position parameter that actually masks the true nature of the original score

Once any raw score is converted, it has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1👉🏻Use standard scores to compare different tests

standard fraction conversion

Group

Suitable

Calculation formula

nonlinear transformation

Scope of application

The sample size is large and representative

Ideas

Forcibly twist the non-normal scores into a normal distribution

specific method

Raw Score – Percentile Rank

If the corresponding percentage level is directly regarded as the area value under the normal distribution curve, find the corresponding value?

evaluate

advantage

Overcomes the shortcomings that percentile grades do not have equivalent units and cannot compare different tests.

shortcoming

It has the disadvantages of negative points and too large units.

Variations of standard scores (T-scores)

definition

formula expression

T-score

10 is the standard deviation and 50 is the mean

T=10·Z 50

Other variations

Chinese Binet Test: Dispersion IQ=16·Z 100

Wechsler Intelligence Scale Dispersion IQ: IQ=15·Z 100

evaluate

advantage

It overcomes the shortcomings of negative scores and too large units in standard scores.

Isometricity facilitates statistical analysis

Under normal distribution, various derived scores and percentile scores can be converted according to the normal distribution table

shortcoming

Fractions are too abstract

Under non-normal distribution, comparison of different variant scores cannot be achieved, and calculations cannot be performed.

standard nine scores

definition

A standard score system that divides raw scores into nine parts, expressed as 1-9 points

feature

Standard deviation 2, mean 5

type

Standard ten - the mean is 5.5 and the standard deviation is 1.5

Standard 20 points - mean 10, standard deviation 3

Relationships between various derived scores

The specific method follows the logic of evolution and development - each form is to make up for the shortcomings of the previous form, and so on.

composition of fractions

The meaning of fraction synthesis

Fraction synthesis problem

method

Purpose of Composing Test Scores

form

Validity issues

The number of composite test scores starts with the best predictor and is added until the validity of the combined score no longer increases.

Types of fraction synthesis

Portfolio of projects

combination of subtests or scales

A test or a combination of test sources

How to combine fractions

Clinical Diagnosis (Intuition Formation)

Definition - Intuitive experience subjectively combines various factors to draw conclusions

evaluate

advantage

Flexible and personalized

High degree of comprehensiveness

analog surgical clinician

shortcoming

Decision-making is too subjective and influenced by personal biases

Lack of quantitative analysis and no quantitative indicators

too subjective

weighted sum

multiple regression

Quantitative dependencies between one independent variable and multiple independent variables

multiple partitions

Some traits are not mutually compensable

Establish a standard for each trait to be measured, thereby dividing the results into qualified and unqualified. Each item needs to be qualified to pass.

The relationship between divided items is equal and juxtaposed

Interpretation and Application of Norm-Referenced Test Scores

Classification of norms

Developmental norm scale

The general level of each stage in the normal development process of a certain type of individual

eg: Height norms for adolescents at different ages

Vertical score (original and exported) conversion

In-group norm scale

The general performance level of a certain trait in a group of subjects

eg: The moral development level of children around 4 years old

Horizontal score (original and exported) conversion

age norm

Definition - the average operating level of an individual in a certain age group

Indicator – Mental Age

How to express norm scores

conversion method

cross-section method

Why Convert Raw Scores to Derived Scores

Teaching 22.1 Li Yixian