trophozoite The shape is changeable and irregular. It often extends a pseudopod for directional movement and has a vesicular core. Trophozoites in tissues contain red blood cells, but trophozoites in the intestine do not

cyst It is spherical in shape, with a vesicular nucleus. Rod-shaped pseudochromosomes with blunt and rounded ends can be seen in the cytoplasm, and the glycogen vesicles are vacuolated. After staining with iodine solution, the cyst is light yellow, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus are light brown, and the pseudochromosome is not stained. Immature cysts have 1 to 2 nuclei Mature cysts have 4 nuclei, and glycogen vesicles and pseudochromosomes disappear.

Basic stages: cyst - trophozoite - cyst

The cyst is ingested into the small intestine, and under the action of alkaline environment and digestive enzymes, it forms the late stage of the cyst. After the 4-nucleated amoeba excysts, it splits into 8 trophozoites. The upper part of the colon continues to proliferate by binary fission. It migrates to the transverse colon and forms a cyst, which divides to form a four-nucleated cyst and is expelled. Under pathological conditions, trophozoites can invade the intestinal mucosa and cause ulcers.

Parasite site: ileocecal part, colon Infectious period: four-core cyst Route of infection: Oral infection

1. Pathological characteristics: A. Intestinal wall lesions: small mouth and large flask-shaped ulcer B. Common sites: cecum, appendix, sigmoid colon and ascending colon C. Invasion of extraintestinal tissues and organs: liver, lungs, brain, skin and other tissues

clinical manifestations

saline smear method For the acute phase, active trophozoites can be detected

iodine smear method Suitable for chronic phase, checking cysts

serological diagnosis

Source of infection: Person excreted cysts in feces

Treatment: Metronidazole (Metronidazole)

primary meningoencephalitis swimming in polluted water Nasal mucosal pathogens invade the skull through the cribriform plate

Causes amoebic keratitis and corneal perforation. Seen in people who use contact lenses

Parasite site: monocyte macrophage Infectious stage: Promastigotes in the beak of the sandfly Route of infection: Female sandflies are infected through skin bites

Visceral leishmaniasis

nodal visceral leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Post-kala-azar cutaneous leishmaniasis

etiological diagnosis

zoonotic parasitic diseases

Sodium antimony gluconate (antimonial agent)

It mainly parasitizes the duodenum and upper small intestine of the human body, causing digestive tract disorders. A series of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, malabsorption, etc. Because of traveling The incidence rate is higher among patients, so it is also called "tourist's diarrhea".

Mature tetranuclear cysts enter the human duodenum and excyst into two trophozoites. The trophozoites mainly parasitize in the duodenum or jejunum. They can occasionally enter the gallbladder or other parts and proliferate by longitudinal binary fission. Beavers, cattle, sheep, and dogs are safe hosts for the insect

Infectious period: four-core cyst Route of infection: oral

Carriers: 13% of adults, 17% of children

patient

Pathological examination

Immunological examination

Molecular Biology Examination

Only trophozoites without cysts

4 front flagella, 1 back flagellum, and 1 shaft extending through the body of the insect.

Mainly parasitic in the female vagina and male urethra, causing trichomonas vaginitis, urethritis or prostatitis in the prostate

Insects obtain nutrients through penetration, phagocytosis or swallowing

vertical dichotomy

Mainly sexually transmitted (direct or indirect contact)

Destroy the vaginal self-purification function (consume vaginal epithelial glycogen, hinder the glycolysis of lactobacilli, and increase vaginal pH)

clinical manifestations

Pathological examination (trophozoites detected)

Immunological examination

Molecular Biology Examination

There are four types of malaria commonly known as "Diabozi" that parasitize the human body.

Extra-erythrocytic phase (infrared phase): parasitic in human liver cells Intraerythrocytic phase (intraerythrocytic phase): parasite in the red blood cells of the human body It mainly parasitizes in red blood cells and causes malaria: the typical clinical manifestations are three stages of periodic chills, fever and sweating.

The morphology of Plasmodium vivax in human peripheral blood: (six forms in three periods) Trophozoite stage: small and large trophozoites Schizont stage: early schizont and late schizont Gametophyte stage: female gametophyte and male gametophyte

The morphology of Plasmodium falciparum in human peripheral blood: (Three forms in two periods) Trophozoite stage: ring body Gametophyte stage: female gametophyte and male gametophyte

1. The phenomenon of generational change 2. Infectious period: sporozoites in the salivary glands of female mosquitoes; Route of infection: skin infection through female mosquito bites 3. The intermediate host is human; the final host is mosquito. 4. Four types of malaria parasites parasitize red blood cells at different stages of development. Plasmodium vivax and malaria ovale mainly parasitize reticulocytes; malaria malariae mostly parasitizes older red blood cells; malaria falciparum can parasitize red blood cells of all stages. 5. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae are dormant

incubation period

Malaria attack: caused by the schizophrenia proliferation of intraerythrozoic Plasmodium. Clinical manifestations: There are three consecutive stages of periodic chills, fever, and sweating and fever reduction. 48 hours for vivax and ovale malaria, Plasmodium falciparum 36~48h, Malaria malaria attacks once every 72 hours.

3. Reignition and recurrence: P67 Re-ignition - after the initial episode of malaria has stopped, if the patient is not reinfected, only a small amount of remaining intraerythrozoic Plasmodium parasites in the body will reproduce in large numbers under certain conditions and cause another episode of malaria, which is called~ Relapse - after the initial malaria attack has stopped, the intraerythrocytic Plasmodium has been eliminated, but the liver has not been cleared, and the late-onset parasites have not been infected by mosquito vectors. However, after several weeks to more than a year, another malaria attack occurs, which is called~

anemia

Splenomegaly

Dangerous malaria

transfusion malaria

Other types of malaria

1. Etiology: Blood film staining microscopy: Method: thin blood film, thick blood film method. Blood collection time: several hours to more than 10 hours after the onset of vivax malaria, and at the beginning of the onset of falciparum malaria. Blood collection site: earlobe or fingertip 2. Immunology 3. Molecular biology: PCR

Source of infection: patients and carriers with gametocytes in peripheral blood Malaria vector: Anopheles mosquito Susceptible: patients have no immunity after recovery and may be infected again

Primaquinoline: Acts on erythrocytic extracellular dormants Chloroquine and quinine: act on the proliferative phase of intraerythrocyte cleavage Primaquinoline and pyrimethamine: act on the proliferation phase of gametocytes and red blood cell exosomes

traditional Chinese medicine

Cats are both the definitive host and intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii

Felines (definitive host): small intestinal epithelial cells (intestinal stage) and other nucleated cells outside the intestine (extraintestinal stage) Mammals, birds, fish and humans (intermediate hosts): nucleated cells other than mature red blood cells

1. In the intermediate host (in nucleated cells): Pseudocysts (tachyzoites or trophozoites) and cysts (bradyzoites)

2. In the final host (feline intestinal epithelial cells): schizonts, gametocytes and oocysts

Parasite site: nucleated cells Infectious phase: cyst, pseudocyst, oocyst Route of infection: oral

1. Pathogenic mechanism: (1) Tachyzoites proliferate in large quantities. (2) Chronic infection of bradyzoites - fibrocalcification 2. Clinical classification: Congenital toxoplasmosis: Acquired toxoplasmosis (acquired toxoplasmosis)

Pathological examination

serology test