1. Room requirements: In a private room close to the laboratory.

2. Medical staff: Inform the subject of written and verbal instructions on semen specimen collection, emphasizing that semen specimen collection must be complete and that the subject should record the loss of any part of the semen specimen.

3. Patients: They should abstain from sex for 2 to 7 days before collecting specimens for testing, and should urinate first. In order to obtain reliable data, it should be tested 2 to 3 times continuously.

4. Specimen containers: Choose clean, suitable-sized, non-toxic, sterilized plastic or glass containers with lids. It is best to keep the container at 20 to 37 degrees Celsius before and after collection.

5. Specimen collection: Place the discharged semen in a container, record the abstinence time, specimen collection time, whether the specimen collection is complete, etc. If the specimen is incomplete, it should be recorded and noted in the test report, and the specimen should be recollected for testing after 2 to 7 days of abstinence.

6. Specimen submission for inspection: Specimens should be submitted for inspection within 30 minutes after collection. In winter, the specimens should be kept at 20 to 37 degrees Celsius.

When receiving the specimen, check whether the recorded information is complete, and place the container containing the semen specimen on a constant temperature table or water bath (37 degrees Celsius) to wait for liquefaction. Assess the liquefaction and physical properties of the semen within 30 to 60 minutes. Specimens that do not meet the requirements should be rejected and recorded.

The semen specimens and containers that have been tested should be incinerated or autoclaved together and then processed centrally, or the semen should be poured into 1000mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant and soaked for 30 minutes before being discarded.

seminal vesiculitis

prostatitis

reproductive system tuberculosis

tumor

stone

1. Testing method pH test paper method

2. Reference interval 7.2-8.0

3. Clinical significance. Alkaline when pH>8.0: seen in acute prostatitis, seminal vesiculitis or epididymitis; pH<7.0 such as dysplasia

1. Reference interval: 2 to 6 mL of semen discharged at one time

2. Changes in semen volume and clinical significance

Definition: Refers to the time required for the jelly-like state of semen to change into a flowing liquid after discharge.

1. Inspection method

2. Reference interval

3.Clinical significance

The blood-testis barrier exists in the male reproductive tract

Samples for anti-sperm antibody testing can be serum, seminal plasma and cervical mucus

Anti-sperm antibody test method

1. Inspection method

2. Methodological evaluation

3.Quality assurance

4. Reference interval

5Clinical significance

6. Sperm motility grading standards

1. Test method: Same as sperm motility test

2. Methodological evaluation: Generally it can only be used as a preliminary screening test method

3. Quality assurance: Same as sperm motility test. If there are too many immotile sperm (>75%), in vitro sperm staining should be used

4. Reference interval: Within 60 minutes of semen ejaculation, the sperm survival rate is 80%~90% (at least >60%) If the sperm survival rate is less than 70%, fertility may be reduced; if it is less than 40%, it may lead to infertility.

5. Clinical significance: Factors causing the decrease in sperm motility rate include

1. Testing method: eosin staining method; hypotonic expansion sperm motility test

2. Methodological evaluation

3.Quality assurance

4. Reference interval: greater than or equal to 58%

5. Clinical significance: Reduced sperm survival rate is one of the important indicators of male infertility. When the sperm survival rate is less than 40%, it can lead to infertility.

1. Reference interval: no agglutination ~ level 1. See Table 8-4 on page P207 for grading of sperm agglutination.

2.Clinical significance

1. Inspection method: microscopy technique

2. Methodological evaluation: See Table 8-5 on page P207 Methodological evaluation of sperm counting

3.Quality assurance

4. Reference interval

5.Clinical significance

1. Inspection method: wet film test; smear dyeing test

2. Methodological evaluation: smear staining test, recommended by WHO

3. Reference range: Normal morphological sperm: 4% ~ 44% (Abnormal sperm should be less than 20%, if more than 20% is abnormal)

4.Clinical significance

1. Reference interval

2.Clinical significance

Normal adult prostate volume is: 2mL

Color: Milky white, thin, opaque glossy liquid

Red (indicating bleeding)

Yellow turbid, purulent and sticky (severe infection)

Wet mount test (commonly used clinically)

Smear stain test

Phosphatidylchophore bodies: numerous, evenly distributed in the visual field; Prostatic granulosa cells: <1/HP; red blood cells: <5/HP; white blood cells: <10/HP

Uniform distribution over the full field of view can be reported as 4➕

Occupying 3/4 of the field of view is 3➕

Occupying 1/2 of the field of view is 2➕

Very few in number and unevenly distributed, occupying 1/4 of the field of view 1➕

Secretions are collected from the orifice of the cervix, the back of the vaginal vault, and the depth of the vagina, and are placed in test tubes for immediate examination.

GV

BV (bacterial vaginosis)

the difference

Neisseria gonorrhoeae are gram-negative diplococci Kidney-shaped or coffee bean-shaped