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protein test

The types, functions, and detection methods of body fluid proteins are introduced in detail and comprehensively described. I hope it will be helpful to interested friends!

Edited at 2023-12-19 16:37:16

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protein test

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Outline

protein test

Body fluid protein types

Classified by separation method

Salting out method

Albumin/globulin (PH7.0 semi-saturated ammonium sulfate solution)

Electrophoresis

cellulose acetate thin film electrophoresis

agarose gel electrophoresis

Serum proteins are divided into five main zones: albumin, α1, α2, β (β1, β2), and γ globulin.

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

SDS polyacrylamide gel isoelectric two-dimensional electrophoresis

Resolution gradually increases

According to functional classification

Transportation carrier class

Complement proteins

Immunoglobulins

coagulation proteins

protease inhibitor

protein hormones

body fluid protein function

Physiological functions of plasma proteins

Nutritional effect, repair tissue protein

Maintain plasma colloid osmotic pressure

As a carrier of hormones, vitamins, lipids, metabolites, ions, drugs, etc.

As part of the blood pH buffering system

Inhibit cathepsins

subtopic

Plasma proteins and their abnormal classification

acute phase response protein

In acute inflammatory diseases such as infection, surgery, trauma, myocardial infarction, malignant tumors, etc., plasma AAT, AAG, Hp, Cp, CRP, and (α1-antichymotrypsin, hemopexin, C3, C4, fibrinogen The same concentration increases significantly; while the plasma PA, Alb, and TRF concentrations decrease accordingly. These plasma proteins are collectively called acute phase response proteins (APP), and this phenomenon is called acute phase reaction (APR).

Prealbumin PA

Synthesized by stem cells, low content, half-life 2 or 0.5 days (short half-life)

Main function: As a tissue repair material and carrier protein, involved in the transportation of T3, T4, and vitamin A

PA contains a high content of essential amino acids and is a negative acute-phase response protein. When acute inflammation, malignant tumors, trauma, etc. are in urgent need of protein synthesis, PA decreases rapidly.

Clinical evaluation: 1. Marker of malnutrition 2. Marker of liver dysfunction is more sensitive than albumin

Albumin ALb

The only plasma protein that contains no sugar

Hepatic parenchymal cell synthesis

The most abundant protein in plasma (57%-68%)

Functional features

Maintain plasma osmotic pressure (70%-80% of plasma is maintained by ALB)

The main carrier protein in plasma has the function of binding various ligand molecules (detoxifying bilirubin, metal ions)

nutritional effect

Maintain acid-base balance (isoelectric point)

Clinical evaluation: as an evaluation indicator of nutritional status

Transfer iron white TRF

Synthesized by liver cells, single-chain glycoprotein

Reversibly binds multivalent cations, each molecule of TRF can bind 2 Fe3

Influenced by dietary iron supply

Clinical evaluation: for the diagnosis of anemia

Ceruloplasmin Cp

Hepatocyte synthesis, copper-containing α2 globulin

Cp in blood circulation can be considered as a non-toxic metabolic pool of copper

Clinical evaluation of Cp decreases: hepatolenticular degeneration, nutritional copper deficiency, hereditary copper deficiency

C-reactive protein CRP

Hepatocyte synthesis

Activate complement, trigger immune regulation, and produce inflammatory response

The first acute phase response protein to be recognized, it is an extremely sensitive indicator of acute phase reactions.

Clinical evaluation of high-sensitivity CRP as the primary indicator for the evaluation of acute cardiovascular events

α1-acid glycoprotein AAG

181 amino acid residues make up mucin

It is the glycoprotein with the highest sugar content and the strongest acidity in blood sugar.

AAG is a heat-resistant complex protein that combines mucopolysaccharides with protein molecules.

At present, it is mainly used as an acute phase reaction indicator: increased inflammation in rheumatism, malignant tumors, myocardial infarction, etc.

α1-Antitrypsin α1-AT or AAT

Synthesized in liver cells, monocytes, alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells.

AAT deficiencies: alveolar swelling, hypoglycemia AAT can detect fetal respiratory distress syndrome

Haptoglobin Hp

A transporter of acute phase proteins

Transports free hemoglobin Hb in blood vessels to reticuloendothelial cells for degradation, preventing Hb from being lost from the kidneys and effectively retaining iron for the body

Hb decreases, increases

Body fluid protein detection methods

method

Kjeldahl method (reference method)

This method is mainly used for serum protein standard value determination and reference work.

Rarely used in routine determination of serum total protein

Double urine method is the preferred routine method for clinical determination of total serum protein.

phenol reagent method

UV absorption method

dye binding method

The most commonly used method is the bromocresol green BCG method.

BCG methodology evaluation

Effect of BCG reaction conditions on albumin determination

Determination of specific proteins

summary