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MindMap Gallery Chinese architectural history framework
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Chinese architectural history framework
Written according to chronological development. It is suitable for postgraduate entrance examinations in architecture and studying the history of foreign construction. It’s full of useful information, friends in need should quickly collect it!
Edited at 2023-12-18 22:04:57
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Chinese architectural history framework
- Valentine's Day marketing campaign
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
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- Milano Cortina 2026 Ice Hockey Schedule
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- Outline
History of ancient Chinese architecture
primitive society (Six to seven thousand years ago to the 21st century BC)
Early days
Yangtze River Basin: Qianlan Architecture
Yellow River Basin: Wooden Bone Mud Wall
Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang, the earliest example of mortise and tenon structure in my country
Late stage
Yangshao culture (maternal lineage)
Mainly agriculture
Jiangzhai, Lintong, Shaanxi
Layout: Each group has a large house as the core, and the rest are arranged in a ring around the middle open space and the big house (building group concept)
Xi'an Banpo Village Ruins
Residence in the south, tombs in the north, and kilns in the east (zoning concept)
The earliest example of "front hall and back room"
Longshan Culture (paternal line)
Xi'an Hakka Longshan Cultural Site
There are already traces of family private ownership, including a suite-style semi-cave house with two connected rooms.
Longshan Cultural Site in Taosi Village, Xiangfen, Shanxi
White walls and gray surfaces with carved patterns (the oldest living room decoration in my country)
The earliest temple site in my country: Niuheliang Goddess Temple
slave society (2070 BC ~ 476 BC)
summer (2070 BC ~ 1600 BC)
Ruins of No. 1 Palace in Erlitou, Yanshi, Henan
"Maoci Earth Steps"
The building group presents a courtyard-like pattern
Reflecting the appearance of closed courtyards in early my country (a hall on a rammed earth platform, surrounded by corridors and a door on the south)
The earliest examples of large-scale wooden frame rammed earth buildings and courtyards in my country
"The First Capital of China", my country's earliest capital site
eaves pillar
business (1600 BC ~ 1046 BC)
Skilled bronze craftsmanship
Ruins of Shixianggou Mall in Yanshi, Henan
courtyard layout
The main hall is 90m long and is the largest single building in the early Shang Dynasty.
Panlongcheng Palace Ruins
The earliest example of "sleeping in the front and sleeping in the back"
Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan
"The Tomb of a Good Woman"
The tomb is a rectangular vertical pit with a foundation at the entrance.
Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC ~ 771 BC)
Represented by Zhou Gong Luoyi, a series of cities - "levels" - were established where slave owners implemented political and military rule.
Early Zhou Dynasty Site in Fengchu Village, Shaanxi Province
The earliest and most rigorous example of courtyard courtyard consolidation in my country
First to discover the two-entry group
The first completely symmetrical rigorous group to appear
The first complete "front hall and back room" layout
For the first time, a building using "screen" appeared (later called "zhaobi")
The earliest building to use tiles (marking that Chinese architecture broke through the "Maoci soil steps" and transitioned to "tile houses")
The adobe wall or rammed earth wall is plastered with Sanhe soil (white ash, sand, yellow mud)
Laying floor tiles appears
spring and autumn (770 BC ~ 476 BC)
With the use of iron tools and cattle, the level of productivity has been greatly improved, a large number of noble private lands have emerged, feudal production relations have emerged, and handicrafts and commerce have developed.
common use of tiles, use of bricks The emergence of high platform architecture (terrace building with trapezoidal steps as the core, erecting wooden houses layer by layer)
Hollow blue brick
The earliest example of bricks used in walls discovered so far
Luban
Feudal society
Early feudal society
Warring States Period (475 BC ~ 221 BC)
background
The landlord class seized power one after another, announcing the end of the slavery era and the development of the feudal economy.
The arrival of the Iron Age, the development of handicraft industry and commerce, and the first upsurge of urban construction.
Achievement
The development of construction technology and the application of iron tools (the construction quality and structural technology of wooden frame buildings have been greatly improved)
Tube tiles and slab tiles are widely used in palace buildings
"Kaogong Ji" The craftsmen run the country, with a square of nine miles, three gates on the side, nine warps and nine latitudes in the country, nine tracks in the warp, the ancestors on the left and the society on the right, facing the market, and the market facing Yifu.
China's earliest urban planning theory
Square, each side is 9 miles long, with 3 gates on each side. There are 9 vertical streets and 9 horizontal streets in the city. The vertical streets can accommodate 9 cars running in parallel.
The palace city is in the middle, with ancestral temples and shrines on the left and right of the palace.
In front of the palace is the outer dynasty, and behind the palace is a market. The area of the market and the dynasty is 100 acres each.
It had a profound influence on the subsequent formation of the square grid street layout pattern with palaces in the center of Chinese capitals.
The feudal states built the Great Wall of Earth to defend themselves against foreign enemies.
The tomb of King Zhongshan during the Warring States Period, with a copper plate and a silver-coloured "Trillion Domain Map"
The earliest known building master plan in China (the earliest copper building plan found in the world)
Plan of the mausoleum area painted with silver plating on a copper plate
Qin (221 BC ~ 206 BC)
The first unified country in Chinese history, unified currency, and built the Great Wall
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (Lishan Mausoleum)
The first emperor’s cemetery in Chinese history
Afang Palace
Qin Xianyang
Chinese (206 BC ~ 220 AD)
background
The first centralized, powerful and stable dynasty in ancient China
Handicraft industry and commerce developed, and many new cities emerged
Buddhism was officially introduced to China in the early Eastern Han Dynasty
White Horse Temple in Luoyang, Henan
The earliest Buddhist architecture seen in Chinese history
The first climax of the development of Chinese architecture
•The building group has reached a huge scale
Han Chang'an
•The basic types of ancient Chinese architecture: palaces, mausoleums, gardens, (royal buildings) Mingtang, Piyong, and ancestral temples, (ceremonial buildings) dock walls, mansions, small and medium-sized residences (residential buildings), Buddhist buildings in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, etc.
•Two main forms of wooden frames—the beam-lifting type and the bucket-passing type—have appeared. Timber-frame buildings are becoming increasingly mature, and dougong is in an active exploration period.
•The rise and prevalence of multi-story wooden frame buildings (marking a major progress in the overall wooden frame structure) terrace buildings were replaced by wooden lofts
•Masonry structures and arch structures have developed greatly
mausoleum architecture
category
City
Han Chang'an
Eight rivers surround Chang'an
Each palace is scattered and arranged, and the garden is laid out. The big palace includes small palaces, trees and ponds.
Lingyi system
Built on Xingle Palace
Changle Palace, Weiyang Palace
Cao Wei Yecheng
It created an urban pattern with strict layout rules and clear functional divisions, which is a paradigm of Chinese capital planning.
Choose a neutral palace, a chessboard layout, a north-south axis, and clear divisions
Tongquetai
Residential
Inherit the traditional courtyard style
The three-plexed house, the L-shaped house and the wall form a square-shaped courtyard, and the front and rear courtyards form a "sun"-shaped courtyard.
Dock wall
Large castle-like residence
ritual architecture
Mingtang, Piyong
The most solemn building built by ancient emperors, it was used to meet princes, issue government orders, worship heaven and ancestors.
tomb
Maoling of the Western Han Dynasty
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the largest imperial mausoleum in the Western Han Dynasty
Eastern Han Dynasty Stone Tomb in Yinan, Shandong
Han Dynasty stone tower
The earliest existing and most complete ancient surface building in my country
Stone Tower at the Tomb of Gao Yi, the Governor of Yizhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ya'an, Sichuan
Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220～589)
background
Political instability, severe war damage, and long-term divisions—less innovation in architecture, more inheritance and application of the achievements of the Han Dynasty
The ruling class needs to use Buddhism to deceive the people and vigorously promote the construction of Buddhist temples, pagodas and grottoes
The introduction of Buddhism, the development of Buddhist architecture, and the introduction of high-rise pagodas
Progress in architectural development
•The rise of urban development and construction activities in the southeast region. It promoted the prosperity and development of Jiangnan architecture centered on Jiankang City, the "ancient capital of the Six Dynasties" (the Jin Dynasty moved south, and a large number of people from the Central Plains poured into Jiangnan, bringing advanced technology and culture)
•The popularity of Buddhist architecture and the climax of Buddhist temples, pagodas, and cave temples
•The formation of a pattern in which royal gardens and private gardens coexist, and the concept of garden creation changes from large-scale approximation of nature to small-scale approximation of nature
•Due to the introduction of "Husi", Chinese furniture has changed from the short-legged type suitable for sitting on the floor to the tall-legged type.
The integration period of the development of China’s architectural system
The spread of Buddhism and foreign cultural exchanges from India and Central Asia
Domestic ethnic integration and cultural exchanges between the north and the south
Preparing conditions for the development of architecture in the Sui and Tang Dynasties
category
City
Luoyang, Northern Wei Dynasty
Surrounded by mountains and rivers; choose a neutral palace, facing the front and sleeping in the back, with the ancestors on the left and the community on the right; three-level structure; irregular square grid; strict square system
Southern Health
"Dragons and tigers roost"; choose a neutral palace, facing the front and sleeping in the back, with the ancestors on the left and the community on the right; three-level structure; free streets and lanes layout
religious building
Buddhist temple
layout
central tower type
House type
"Making a house a tower"
pagoda
Yongning Temple Pagoda in Luoyang, Northern Wei Dynasty
Front Tower and Back Hall
Songyue Temple Pagoda in Dengfeng, Henan
The earliest existing Buddhist pagoda in my country
The only tower with twelve sides
my country's earliest brick tower
Northern Wei Dynasty; dense eaves style tower
grotto
Yungang Grottoes, Longmen, Tianlong Mountain, Dunhuang, etc.; began in the Northern Wei Dynasty
Four major grottoes in China
garden
Natural landscape gardens flourish
Residential
Wei: Composed of several large halls and courtyard corridors Turning a house into a temple
middle period of feudal society
Sui (AD 581 ~ 618)
End the war and the division between North and South, and unify China
City
Luoyang, the Eastern Capital
builder
Yu Wenkai, Yang Su
garden city
Sui Daxing
The largest city in ancient my country
Stone Bridge: Anji Bridge (Zhaozhou Bridge)
The world's earliest open-shoulder arch bridge
Li Chun; 37m, 28 stone coupons
Place
Zhao County, Hebei
Four-door pagoda of Shentong Temple in Licheng, Shandong
The earliest existing pavilion-style tower in my country
The earliest existing stone tower
Simple appearance and rustic shape
Tang (AD 618 ~ 907)
A unified, consolidated, powerful and prosperous feudal dynasty
Architectural features
•Large-scale construction and rigorous planning
Tang Chang'an was the largest and most organized city in the ancient history of the world.
•The approach to handling building complexes is becoming increasingly mature
For grand buildings such as palaces and mausoleums, the main building should be highlighted and the vertical axis should be emphasized. eg. Daming Palace
Make good use of terrain and use leading spaces and buildings to set off the main body e.g. Qianling Mausoleum
•Wood construction technology has entered a mature stage
It solves the problem of large area and large volume, and no longer needs to rely on rammed earth high platforms to be outsourced with small wooden structures. eg. Linde Hall of Daming Palace
The form and materials of wooden components have been standardized
The function of Dougong is fully utilized - a sign that the wooden frame building has reached perfection and maturity
•Further developments in masonry technology
Three main types have been formed: pavilion style, dense eaves tower and pavilion style.
The shape of some masonry towers has begun to develop in the direction of imitating wood.
•Improved design and construction standards
The emergence of "Todo Craftsmen" who specialize in drawing drawings with rope ink and directing construction.
•Architectural art processing is authentic and mature
The architectural style is grand, vigorous, vigorous, neat and cheerful
Unification of architectural art processing and structure
There are no purely decorative components on the building
There is no distortion of material properties to make them succumb to decorative requirements
The colors are simple and bright, the roof is stretched and flat, the brackets are strong and powerful, and the doors and windows are simple and unpretentious, giving people a solemn and generous impression.
category
City
Tang Changan
The most strict among ancient Chinese capitals
It not only affected the city of Tokyo in the Bohai Sea, but also affected Heijo Kyo (today's Nara) and later Heian Kyo (today's Kyoto) in Japan.
The plane is square, with the ancestors on the left and the society on the right, with three doors on each side; three-level structure; chessboard layout; clear functional divisions; there are many Buddhist buildings in the city; 9km main axis
The Lifang system is highly mature
The largest city in ancient times in the world
Furong Garden, Qujiang Pool
palace
Daming Palace
Longshou Highland of Chang'an City; the plane is irregular trapezoid, with the outer court facing the inner court;
Outside North Korea
Hanyuan Hall
Xuanzheng Hall
Zichen Hall
inner court
Taiye Pool is the center
Linde Hall is located to the west of Taiye Pond
monomer
Hanyuan Hall
The first hall on the central axis, a large ceremony
70m Longwei Road
Eaves, verandah roof, double grooves, secondary steps around the perimeter
Linde Hall
The largest palace in ancient China
Eleven in width, seventeen in depth
Feasting place
The three halls are connected in series, with scattered heights and clusters of balconies.
Rigorous layout, magnificent momentum, the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty
religious building
Buddhist temple
wooden Buddhist temple
Main hall of Nanchan Temple in Mount Wutai
The earliest existing wooden building in my country
The roof has the gentlest slope among known ancient wooden buildings 1:5.15
There are three rooms each in plan and depth, hall-shaped, with single eaves resting on the mountain, side legs and raised
The main hall of Foguang Temple in Mount Wutai
The earliest example of the verandah roof of a wooden building
The front is seven rooms wide and the depth is four rooms; the bottom of the gold box is trough; palace shape; side legs, raised, rolled; single eaves verandah roof; flat and dark; grass canopy above the beam, light canopy below the beam; forked hands and supports foot
The main hall of King Guangren Temple in Ruicheng
The main hall of Tiantai Temple in Pingshun
pagoda
Xuanzang Pagoda in Xingjiao Temple, Shaanxi
The largest tomb tower in ancient China
Xi'an Ci'en Temple Big Wild Goose Pagoda
pavilion style brick tower
Simple and vigorous Tang style
Xi'an Jianfu Temple Small Wild Goose Pagoda
Brick eaves tower
Shanxi Haihuiyuan Minghui Master Pagoda
Reflecting the high level of the combination of architecture and sculpture in the Tang Dynasty
Single-story pavilion-style stone tower
Tomb of Zen Master Jingzang at Huishan Temple in Dengfeng, Henan Province
The earliest known octagonal tower in my country
grotto
Longmen Grottoes
tomb
Tang Qianling Mausoleum
Xianyang, Shaanxi
Outstanding representative of "Mountains are mausoleums"
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907 ~ 979 AD)
China falls into fragmentation and war
religious building
pagoda
Nanjing Qixia Temple Relic Pagoda
The earliest relic of the stone tower with imitation wood structure and dense eaves
Five Dynasties and Southern Tang Dynasty
The wide base, gorgeous Xumi base and flat base carvings create a new situation in Chinese dense eaves towers.
Open the dense eaves tower and move towards prosperity
Suzhou Huqiu Yunyan Temple Pagoda
Five Dynasties Wuyue
Residential
There are two corridors at the front and back, with a stable courtyard next to it. In front of the stable courtyard, there is a tent to house the slaves.
Song (960 ~ 1279 AD)
background
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were divided and war-torn, ending with the Northern Song Dynasty unifying the south of the Yellow River Basin
Compromises and concessions were made to Liao and Jin, and internal efforts were made to strengthen control over the people, resulting in political and military weakness.
Developed handicraft industry and commerce
Construction development trend
•Fundamental changes in urban structure and layout
Abolish curfew
From the lane system to the street system
Bianjing looks like a complete commercial city
•Building portfolio aspects
The spatial hierarchy in the depth direction has been strengthened on the general level to set off the main building - Zhengding Longxing Temple.
The scale of buildings has shrunk, and both individual and group sizes are generally smaller than those in the Tang Dynasty
•The wooden frame building adopts the classical modular system
"Building French Style" by Li Jie, the most complete architectural technology book in ancient my country, Northern Song Dynasty
Treat “materials” as standard dimensions for building a house
•The architectural style shows distinctive regional characteristics
The Northern Song Dynasty absorbed the culture of Qilu and Jiangnan and combined it with the traditions of the Bianliang area to create a soft and refined official style of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The Southern Song Dynasty was based on the official style of the Northern Song Dynasty and combined with the local traditions of Jiangnan. The style became elegant, gorgeous, small and delicate.
•Masonry reaches new heights
The divinity tower of Kaiyuan Temple in Ding County, Hebei Province
The tallest existing ancient pagoda in my country
84m
The east and west stone pagodas of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou
Stone and wood-proof building form, 40m
The largest stone pagoda in my country
Kaifeng Youguo Temple Tower (Kaifeng Iron Tower)
The earliest existing glazed pagoda in my country
•There has been great development in architectural decoration and color
The wooden frame part adopts various colorful paintings
Extensive use of glazed tiles on the roof
The interior has been decorated with wood
Extensive use of lattice doors and lattice windows
•Gardens thrive
Genyue
"One Pond and Three Mountains" brings poetic and picturesque feelings into the garden and takes artificial landscape creation as the theme. It is a major turning point in the history of Chinese gardens.
category
City
Northern Song Dynasty Tokyo
China’s first metropolis with a population of one million
In the later Zhou Dynasty, Bianliang was established as the capital, with high building density and high land utilization. The streets were not as straight as Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty; the three-level structure
Street system, curfew abolished, entertainment buildings flourishing
The main focus was not on the construction of palaces, but on solving practical problems in urban development.
The Yellow River Plain, with four rivers running through the capital, is rich in materials and has developed water transportation.
Song Mansion Pingjiang City
Li Shoupeng's "Pingjiang Fucheng Map Stele" is the oldest surviving Suzhou city map and the most complete and detailed Song Dynasty city map.
Today's Suzhou has a dense network of rivers, with front lanes and back rivers running side by side; the outer city and the sub-city have two walls.
religious building
Buddhist temple
The courtyard space changes vertically and horizontally, and the palaces and pavilions are scattered in height.
Longxing Temple, Zhengding, Hebei
Mani Palace
There are seven bays and seven bays each; gold chests and troughs at the bottom, secondary steps around the perimeter; four outgoing buildings; hall-shaped; diagonal eaves.
Zhuanlunzang Palace
There are three bays and three bays in depth; hall-type pavilion; top of the hill; fork-column or entwined-column construction; Cheshang Ming Dynasty construction
Cishi Pavilion
There are three bays and three bays in depth; pavilion type; resting on the top of the mountain; built with reduced columns.
Bronze Guanyin Statue in Foxiang Pavilion
Existing bronze statues in my country max
Four entrances to the courtyard
Hualin Temple Main Hall
The earliest existing wooden building south of the Yangtze River in China
The characteristic brackets; the size of the bays and materials used in the palace are huge (the existing wooden palace pavilion is the largest)
Ningbo Lingshan Baoguo Temple Main Hall
Each bay is three rooms deep; hall type; resting on the top of the mountain
pagoda
Suzhou Baoen Temple Tower
pavilion style brick tower
Jiangnan architecture is light, elegant, tall and beautiful
Southern Song Dynasty
Quanzhou Kaiyuan Temple Stone Pagoda
Southern Song Dynasty
The tallest pair of stone towers in the country
Kaiyuan Temple Pagoda (Liaodi Pagoda) in Dingxian County, Hebei Province
Northern Song Dynasty
pavilion style brick tower
The tallest existing ancient pagoda in the country, 84m
Youguo Temple Tower, Kaifeng Iron Tower, Kaifeng, Henan
The first tower built with glazed bricks
mosque
Guangzhou Huaisheng Temple Light Tower
Northern Song Dynasty
The tallest existing minaret in my country
One of the four ancient Islamic temples in China
ritual architecture
ancestral temple
Jinci
Our Lady's Basilica
It is five bays wide and four bays deep, with secondary steps and ramps; it is in the shape of a palace; double eaves rest on the mountain; it is built with reduced columns; it is built in the Ming Dynasty.
Northern Song Dynasty
The largest palace left in the Song Dynasty
Uonuma Feiliang
Northern Song Dynasty
A cross bridge is built over the fish pond, which can be used as a platform in front of the temple.
Residential
"Thousands of Miles of Rivers and Mountains"
"Along the River During Qingming Festival"
Zhang Zeduan, Bianliang
Liao (907 ~ 1125) Gold (1115 ~ 1234) Xixia (1032 ~ 1227)
Liao
Khitan
Architectural style
Mainly developed in the northern region of the Tang Dynasty, the ancient style continues the vigorous and vigorous style of the Tang Dynasty.
religious building
Buddhist temple
Dule Temple, Ji County, Tianjin
mountain gate
Three bays, two entrances deep; central trough; hall type; completely Ming Dynasty; single eaves verandah roof
The house is simple and unsophisticated, with majestic Dougong and far-reaching eaves. It is strong and vigorous.
Guanyin Pavilion
The largest existing wooden pavilion
Main statue of Guanyin 15.4
The tallest existing statue in ancient China
Five bays, four bays deep, gold boxes with troughs at the bottom; pavilion type; resting on the top of the mountain
Durability, shock resistance
Huayan Temple in Datong, Shanxi
Main Hall (main hall of the upper temple)
The tallest and most spacious example of the former palace house in the Yuan Dynasty.
Nine bays, five bays deep; two types of halls; columns moved and reduced; verandah roof
The house is gentle and the appearance is simple and solid.
Bojiajiao Tibetan Hall (Main Hall of Lower Huayan Temple)
The earliest surviving scripture collection
Five bays, four bays deep, gold chests and troughs; hall-shaped; top of the mountain
The wall of Bojiajiang Palace
"Heavenly Palace Pavilion"
The scriptures are stored in the lower part, and there is an empty corridor and a niche for the Buddha on the upper part, spanning the "Tiangong Pavilion"
pagoda
Sakyamuni Pagoda at Fogong Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province (Yingxian Wooden Pagoda)
The only existing wooden pagoda in my country
The tallest existing ancient wooden building in the world
Pavilion-style tower, octagonal plane, inner and outer grooves, secondary steps around the perimeter; pavilion type, five bright and four dark, 67.31
Excellent structural performance
Flat octagonal shape reduces wind pressure
The tower is thick
Double-layer sleeve for increased stiffness
Pavilion type, nine paving layers, nine horizontal rigid rings
Diagonal braces and columns are connected up and down to form an overall frame
Reasonable layout of doors, windows and stairs
Use more small materials to reduce weight
Thick wall cladding on the ground floor
Majestic and gorgeous, the facade composition is rigorous
Beijing Tianning Temple Pagoda
Formerly known as Tennoji Stupa
The only Liao Dynasty above-ground building that still exists in Nanjing City, Liao Dynasty
The oldest and tallest existing ancient building in Beijing
Solid brick tower with dense eaves
Deliberately imitating wood to the extreme
gold
Jurchen aristocracy
Architectural style
Under the influence of the Northern Song Dynasty architecture, the decoration was elaborate and luxurious, and the decoration became cumbersome and complicated.
Reducing columns and moving columns
religious building
Buddhist temple
Foguang Temple Manjusri Hall
Reducing columns
Shanhua Temple in Datong, Shanxi (the largest existing Buddhist temple in Liao and Jin Dynasties)
mountain gate
Five bays, two deep entrances, central troughs; verandah roof; pavilion type; made in the Ming Dynasty
Three Holy Temples
Five bays, four bays deep; hall type; columns reduced or moved; verandah roof
When it is folded over a steep slope, the outer eaves paving jumps out of the diagonal beams.
Puxian Pavilion
Three bays and three bays each; pavilion type; resting on the top of the mountain
The dougong is stretched and the eaves are far-reaching, simple and elegant.
Main Hall
Seven bays, five bays deep; two-type hall; built with reduced columns; verandah roof
Grand in scale and concise in image
ancestral temple
Jinci Temple Dedication Hall
Marco Polo Bridge
Xixia
The Qiang people are the main body of the political power
Architectural style
Buddhism is prevalent, and the architecture is influenced by the Song Dynasty and Turpan. It has dual connotations of Sino-Tibetan culture.
Late feudal society
Yuan (1279～1368)
background
The Mongolian aristocratic rulers successively captured Jin, Xixia, Tubo, Dali, and the Southern Song Dynasty, establishing a vast military empire.
Because the rulers advocated religion, religious buildings flourished extremely
Features
Create a new capital based entirely on streets and alleys
Yuan Dadu
In terms of wooden frame construction, many components have been simplified, and the "column reduction method" has reduced the materials used for dougong (the indoor dougong has been eliminated)
Social and economic decline, wood shortage
The wooden frame further strengthens its integrity and stability (reinforces the direct connection between beams, purlins, and columns)
The unusual prosperity of religious buildings has promoted the development of Lamaist architecture and the exchange of Sino-Tibetan architecture.
Chinese-style Islamic architectural forms began to appear
Quanzhou Qingjing Temple
category
City
Yuan Dadu
planner
Liu Bingzhong and the Arabs also blackmailed
Urban water system designer
Guo Shoujing
Three-level structure; strict street and alley system; checkerboard road network
Pay attention to river and lake systems
Taiye pool encircles the imperial city
Develop two major water systems
Use the urban axis to highlight the capital (laying the foundation for the Beijing urban axis in the Ming and Qing Dynasties)
religious building
Buddhist temple
Shanxi Guangshengxia Temple
Column reduction method, column moving method
Fine murals from the Yuan Dynasty in the temple
pagoda
White Pagoda of Miaoying Temple in Beijing
The largest and earliest Lama Pagoda in existence in the Central Plains of my country
Designer: Nepalese Anigo
Lamasery pagoda art example
Witness the history of architectural cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries
Taoist temple
Yongle Palace in Ruicheng, Shanxi
Sanqing Hall
Seven bays, four bays deep; single eaves verandah roof; reduced columns
"Chaoyuan Picture" Representative Mural Painting of the Yuan Dynasty
mural
1959 Moved to Longquan Village, Ruicheng due to the construction of Sanmenxia Reservoir, an example of regional building protection
mosque
Quanzhou Qingjing Temple
Hangzhou Zhenjiao Temple
bright (AD 1368 ~ 1644)
background
The Han landlord class regime established on the basis of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty
Within feudal society, many cities became centers of handicraft production in order to nurture the germination of capitalism.
Foreign trade is very prosperous
architectural progress performance
•The layout of the building complex is more mature
Good use of terrain and environment to create a solemn atmosphere in the tomb (Ming Xiaoling Tomb in Nanjing, Ming Tombs in Beijing)
Strict symmetry and spatial connection between the layers of gates, palaces and courtyards elevate the feudal "military power" to an unstoppable level
•In terms of wooden structure, after simplification in the Yuan Dynasty, a new stereotyped wooden frame was formed in the Ming Dynasty: the role of the Dougong structure was reduced, the integrity of the beam and column structure was strengthened, and the component rolls were simplified
The image is more rigorous and steady, not as bright as the Tang and Song Dynasties.
"Luban Construction Official" appeared in the woodworking industry, recording materials such as folk houses and furniture in the Ming Dynasty ("Luban Jing")
•Bricks have been commonly used to build walls in residential buildings
Extensive use of empty bucket walls to save usage and promote popularization
A building made entirely of bricks appeared - Wuliangdian (mostly fire-proof buildings)
The Beamless Hall of Linggu Temple in Nanjing (the earliest construction period, the maximum span of the arch is 11.25m)
Beijing Huangshichen (Archives)
Yongzuo Temple, Taiyuan, Shanxi
Suzhou Kaiyuan Temple
•The quality of glazed bricks and glazed tiles has improved, and their applications have become wider
Official architectural decoration, paintings and decorations are becoming increasingly finalized
The color paintings are mainly Xuanzi color paintings.
Furniture development reaches its peak
•The private estates of bureaucratic landlords are developed
Humble Administrator's Garden
category
City
Ming Nanjing
Four layers of city walls; front hall and back sleeping chamber; left ancestor and right society
Preserve the old city and open up new areas
Beijing Palace Model
religious building
Buddhism
Buddhist temple
Beijing Zhihua Temple
"Jialan Qitang" pattern
Douba caisson, "clouds and dragons surround it, and the structure is magnificent"
pagoda
Bodhi Pagoda at Baiju Temple in Gyantse, Tibet
Reflecting the fusion of Indian, Nepalese, Chinese and Tibetan cultures
"One Hundred Thousand Pagodas"
lama pagoda
Nanjing Baoen Temple Glazed Pagoda
Destroyed, known as one of the seven wonders of world architecture
Beijing Zhengjue Temple Pagoda
King Kong Throne Tower
mosque
Xi'an Huajue Lane Mosque
The largest and most complete existing traditional mosque in my country
ritual architecture
altar temple
Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong
The nine-indoor courtyard has a well-organized spatial density; the system of door stems, the front hall and the back sleeping area, and the system of five doors.
monomer
Dacheng Hall
Main hall; nine bays; double eaves resting on the mountain
Kuiwen Pavilion
"Upper Hall and Lower Hall", the upper floor houses books and the lower floor serves as the palace door.
Beijing Shejitan
Imitation of old Nanjing altar
The main building is a three-story square altar, covered with five-color earth, and two halls with a width of five rooms.
There is only one remaining temple building
Beijing Temple of Heaven
The Temple of Heaven was built in the 18th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty. It is located in the southern suburbs of the inner city, east of the city's central axis, across the street from the Xiannong Altar;
create ideas
"There is no thought yet", "Less is always more"
A large area of greening and small-scale buildings form an ultra-long main axis to control a large area of the park, creating a solemn and tranquil atmosphere; Material functions are simple, spiritual functions are complex
Layout
The north wall is round in plan and the south is square, symbolizing the round sky and the square place.
The extremely large area of area highlights the magnificence of the Temple of Heaven environment.
Large areas of lush green cypresses accentuate the solemn tranquility of the Temple of Heaven area.
The axis rules are flexible. The entrance is in the west, close to the main axis of the city. The main axis of the park is on the right. The main building forms a triangular composition.
The two limited building volumes of the Circular Mound Altar and the Praying Valley Altar are connected through the Danbi Bridge to form an ultra-long main axis that controls the space of the entire altar area.
A series of number symbols, orientation symbols, color symbols, and graphic symbols fully demonstrate the consciousness of worshiping heaven.
architecture
Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest Group
Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests (Ming Dynasty)
A place where grain worship ceremonies are held
It belongs to the practice of "an altar and a house", which is integrated with the praying for grain altar, and the praying for grain altar becomes the enlarged platform base of the praying for good harvest hall.
The platform base and eaves are retracted and lifted layer by layer, creating a strong sense of upward movement in the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests.
"Symbol of Color" The triple eaves are unified in blue, and the overall building is noble, pure, solemn and sacred.
The "symbol of number" building that prays for a good harvest is fully connected with the seasonal rhythm of farming.
Scale: The distance between the Gate of Prayer for Good Harvests and the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests is about three times the height of the palace. Looking inside from the Gate of Prayer for Good Harvests, the composition and perspective are excellent.
Yuanqiu system
Yuanqiu
A place to worship the sky on the winter solstice
"Altar without room" three-story open-air round platform, surrounded by low square walls
The white platform base is elegant, dignified and self-cleaning
symbolic expression of numbers
Emperor's Sky
It belongs to the Yuanqiu system, where the ancestor tablets are placed, and the circular hall is small and exquisite.
The Temple of Heaven in Beijing is very successful in terms of environment, space, shape and color. It is one of the masterpieces of ancient architectural complexes.
tomb
Ming Tombs
Beijing
Surrounded by mountains on three sides, the tombs are scattered along the foothills, facing Changling.
Shared Shinto, small-scale buildings, controlling large mausoleum areas
Baocheng Baoding, Fangchengming Tower
A tower-style building in front of the tombs of emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with a square platform at the bottom and a Ming Tower at the top
Changling
Ren'en Hall
Double eaves verandah roof
The fourth year of Yongle reign in the Ming Dynasty
Together with the Hall of Supreme Harmony, it is the two largest palaces among the existing ancient buildings in my country.
Head of the Ming Tombs
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
Nanjing
garden
private garden
Humble Administrator's Garden
The largest classical garden in Suzhou
Zhongyuan (Essence)
Highlight the main body of the landscape
The water surface accounts for about 1/3, and the layout is centered on the pool.
The water surface is divided and gathered
Proper planning of buildings
The main mountain is separated from the main water surface and faces the main building in the distance.
Enhance landscape contrast
Looking from the north to the south, the mountains are covered with green trees and covered with large pools of water.
Carefully designed attractions
Rich levels of contrast and depth of field
"Garden Ye"
Among ancient Chinese gardening works, it is the most complete and scientifically profound one.
Calculated
Academy
Changsha Yuelu Academy
The current layout was established in the Ming Dynasty, and most of the existing buildings were built in the Qing Dynasty.
Great Wall of Ming Dynasty
The most complete, majestic and largest project left to this day
Starting from the Yalu River in the east and ending at Jiayuguan in the west
The existing brick Great Wall is a relic of the Ming Dynasty
clear (1636～1911)
background
The rule of the Manchu aristocrats over the people of all ethnic groups, the feudal autocracy was more severe than that of the Ming Dynasty
Adopt ideological and cultural high-pressure policies
develop
Simplify individual design and improve group and decoration design levels
"Engineering Practice", fixed in the form of official specifications (official revision of the Building Code)
"Style Room" and "Suanfang" are the grassroots units responsible for design and budget.
"Style Thunder"
The architectural family that served the longest time in the style house during the Qing Dynasty still has a large number of “painted” and “hot-painted” paintings of the Yuanmingyuan and Imperial Mausoleums made by Lei Shi.
The rise of Tibetan Buddhist architecture
Potala Palace
The "Eight Outer Temples", a fusion of Chinese and Tibetan architecture, breaks the traditional, single-stylized treatment of Buddhist temples in my country.
Residential buildings are in full bloom and colorful
The Qing Dynasty had a vast territory, and various ethnic groups had different living habits, geographical environments, construction methods, and materials, forming ever-changing regional dwellings.
Architectural techniques are still innovative
The wet bending method can bend the wood into curved purlins for use in domes.
Use the butt and encrusting method to make long wooden columns from shorter pieces of wood
The garden reached its heyday
The royal gardens are large in scale and numerous in number, eg: Chengde Summer Resort; Private gardens are developed, eg: Yangzhou Slender West Lake
category
City
Shengjing Palace
Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties
In the Ming Dynasty, Beijing used the original urban reconstruction of the Yuan Dynasty and based it on Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty.
Plane: convex city outline
Urban structure: divided into imperial city, palace city and outer city; The inner city is in the north and the outer city is in the south. The divisions are clear and do not interfere with each other.
Layout: According to the tradition of "sleeping in the front and sleeping in the back" in the palace, the ancestors are on the left and the society is on the right; There are four altars of heaven, earth, sun and moon outside the city; embodying the cosmology of "unity of heaven and man"
Roads: Streets, lanes and alleys, following the Yuan Dynasty planning system, street and lane system layout
In name, it is divided into several "squares", but in essence, the hutong is divided into long residential areas, running from east to west, with quadrangle courtyards on the north and south sides of the hutong.
Axis: Emphasis on the central axis, clear priorities, forming a 7.5km axis
The palace axis coincides with the city axis, forming the main body and center of gravity of the city axis, pushing the city axis to a climax
The buildings on both sides of the axis, such as the Temple of Heaven and the Imperial Ancestral Temple, are magnificent in size and bright in color. They form a strong contrast with the green and gray tile roofs of ordinary citizens, emphasizing the supremacy of imperial power.
In the Qing Dynasty, a large number of garden palaces were built in the western suburbs, such as the Old Summer Palace and the Summer Palace.
evaluate
A master of urban planning, urban design, and architectural design in ancient China
It was one of the largest and most majestic cities in the world at that time.
palace
Miyagi Forbidden City
The highest example of courtyard-style buildings
Beijing Palace of Ming and Qing Dynasties
background
It was built in the fourth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty. The old palace of the Ming Dynasty was used in the Qing Dynasty. The general layout maintains the old appearance of the Ming Dynasty and is modeled on the Nanjing Palace of the Ming Dynasty.
760m wide from east to west, 960m deep from north to south
palace layout
Choose the Neutral Palace
Located in the center of Beijing city
The ancestors on the left and the society on the right, sleeping in the front hall and in the back
The layout of the three outer halls and the three inner halls
Outside North Korea
three halls
Hall of Supreme Harmony
The main hall of the outer dynasty is used for important activities such as the emperor's enthronement and the issuance of important decrees.
Double eaves verandah roof
Zhonghe Hall
The preparation room in front of the main court for rest
Build a spire
Baohe Hall
imperial examination, banquet
Chongyan Xieshan Mountain
Wenhua Hall
The prince is studying and summons the bachelor
Wuying Hall
Former ministers discussed affairs, later printed books
inner court
Qianqing Palace
The emperor is sleeping
Jiaotai Hall
Kunning Palace
queen's residence
spatial approach
The axis governs the overall situation: 1.6km axis, strictly symmetrical on the left and right
It reached its pinnacle in using architectural groups to highlight the nobility and sanctity of the emperor.
The palace axis coincides with the city's main axis and becomes the main body of the city's main axis. The main axis of the city in turn greatly highlighted the prominence of the palace and became an extension and foil of the main axis of the palace.
Each building group is organized into courtyards, with "three dynasties and five gates"
first architectural climax
The 500m "Thousand-Step Corridor" to the north of the Daqing Gate forms a long and narrow front yard, followed by a 300m horizontal space with a T-shaped plane. At the north end is the towering main entrance of the imperial city, Tiananmen, with a Chinese watch in front and the Jinshui Bridge.
The second architectural climax
Entering Tiananmen, a narrow courtyard leads to Duanmen (the same volume form as Tiananmen, strengthening the image of Tiananmen). After passing Duanmen, there is a 300m long narrow courtyard, and at the end is the Meridian Gate with rich outline and grand volume.
global climax
Passing through the Meridian Gate is the Taihe Gate courtyard, which is 200m wide and suddenly opens up. After passing the Taihe Gate, there is a square square of nearly 4 hectares, with the Hall of Supreme Harmony on the high platform in the middle, surrounded by more than ten gates, buildings and corridors.
Strict plane modulus relationship
Imperial power is supreme, heaven and man are one
Along the main axis, the courtyard is closed with continuity, symmetry and strong scale contrast, forming a spatial order and highlighting the main hall.
architectural art
Use small to set off big, use low to set off high
Tiananmen and Meridian Gate both adopt the tower style. The three-story white marble Xumizuo in the Hall of Supreme Harmony is luxurious and noble; the bases of the ancillary buildings are simplified and the height is reduced.
Contrasting architectural colors
White platform, red walls, vermilion doors and windows, green and green paintings densely covered with glittering gold, blue, yellow and green glazed roof
Against the blue sky, the large gray tiles are particularly dazzling.
Architectural details and decorations are also different from traditional to simple.
Roofs are used in hierarchical order
Double eaves, verandah roof, resting top, spire, hanging hill, hard hill
The roof of the Taihe Hall at Meridian Gate has double eaves on the verandah, Tiananmen, Taihemen, and Baohe Hall have double eaves resting on the mountain, and the rest have been downgraded accordingly.
Symbolism
The main inner palace and the twelve east and west palaces symbolize heaven, earth and stars.
evaluate
The last palace city of China's feudal dynasty, with its exquisite architectural groups, spatial layout, and strict hierarchy, it expresses the supremacy of imperial power and is a model of large-scale group layout in ancient China.
religious building
Taoist temple
Qingcheng Mountain Qing Palace
The highest Taoist temple in Qingcheng Mountain
pagoda
Biyun Temple Vajra Throne Tower
Beijing Xihuang Temple Qingcheng Pagoda
King Kong Throne Tower
Buddhist temple
"Eight Outer Temples"
Putuo Zongcheng Temple
The largest of the Eight Outer Temples
Sino-Tibetan fusion
Tibetan Buddhism: Potala Palace
Theocracy
Built according to the mountain, divided and built with stone; the contrast of volume, color and position makes the priority clear; sacred and majestic
Islam
Kashgar Aba Hoja Mazha
The largest comprehensive building complex among existing Islamic buildings in Xinjiang
garden
Royal Garden
Beijing’s “Three Mountains and Five Gardens”
Beijing Summer Palace
layout
palace
Qianshanqianhu
Houshanhouhu
Features
Mountain
Temple Baoshan, Shanbaoshan Temple
water
Island layout, embankment layout
Garden of Harmony
Imitation of Changyuan, "a garden within a garden"
Chengde Mountain Resort
Chengde Summer Resort was built in the 42nd year of Kangxi's reign. It is the largest existing royal garden and is used for summer vacation, martial arts practice, and border defense consolidation.
layout
The Chaohui Palace is located in the south of the garden, close to Chengde City.
Roll shed plain tiles, elegant style
The main hall is located on a high ground, offering a panoramic view of the lakes and mountains in the garden.
The park can be divided into lake area, plain area and mountain area.
The lake area is small, with embankments and islands arranged in between, dividing the water surface into several areas. The scenery is mostly like the scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River.
1/5 of the plain area is where Qing emperors practiced archery, competed, and had banquets.
The mountainous area accounts for 4/5, with rest and sightseeing buildings and temples arranged in zigzags and undulating patterns according to the mountain topography.
Features
"Nature creates the terrain, no manpower is needed to make it up." Adapting measures to local conditions and making use of appropriate factors are the basic principles of gardening.
The mountainous area is large and a large number of scenic spots are arranged according to the terrain.
Borrowing the view of the eight temples on the northeast and northeast sides of the garden from a distance
The simulated representation of the garden landscape is particularly prominent, and the villa and its surrounding environment have become an image representation of a multi-ethnic country. "Follow its name but not its appearance"
The lakes in the southeast, the plains in the north, and the mountains in the west represent the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River, the Mobei grasslands, and the southwest plateau.
Chengde Summer Resort is famous for its mountain and forest scenery. It adapts to local conditions and uses it skillfully. It is a model of royal gardens.
color painting
He Xi
spinner
Soviet style
Combined with the background of the times, analyze the transformation and influence of traditional Chinese urban planning ideas and methods in the Tang and Song Dynasties
Briefly describe the construction technology characteristics of the development and evolution of wooden buildings in the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties
Discuss the development achievements of ancient Chinese architecture in the Eastern Han Dynasty Discuss the main characteristics and artistic achievements of Han Dynasty architecture, and analyze its influence on the formation of China's wooden construction system
Chinese wooden frame buildings entered a mature stage of system development in the early Tang Dynasty
How does the Humble Administrator’s Garden embody the ideas and techniques of private gardening in southern my country?
Briefly describe the characteristics of Chengde summer resort forest design techniques
What were the fundamental changes in the urban landscape during the Song Dynasty? What are the main differences between the architectural styles of the Song and Qing dynasties? What are the differences between the architectural styles of the Tang, Northern Song, Southern Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties?
Characteristics of the spatial layout of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties Discuss the design techniques and achievements of ancient Chinese architectural groups based on the Forbidden City architectural complex of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Features of Beijing City Design in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Design features of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests (spatial form, design intention) The main buildings and construction ideas and artistic achievements of the Temple of Heaven The design artistic conception and spatial environment artistic characteristics of the Temple of Heaven Temple of Heaven Zongping Treatment of the artistic conception of the Temple of Heaven
Chang'an in the Sui and Tang Dynasties fully demonstrated the style of the capital during the heyday of Chinese feudalism with its grand scale, strict layout, spectacular palaces, enclosed squares and markets, wide and deserted streets, and dotted with undulating temples and towers, and wrote a masterpiece in the history of world cities.
It shows that Chinese wooden frame buildings entered the system formation period in the Han Dynasty
Three mountains and five gardens Xiangshan (Jingyi Garden) Yuquan Mountain (Jingmingyuan) Wanshou Mountain (Qingyi Garden) Old Summer Palace Changchun Garden
Kirin, Phoenix, Lion, Crane
Nanchan Temple in Mount Wutai, Foguang Temple in Mount Wutai, the main hall of Guangrenwang Temple in Ruicheng, Shanxi, and the main hall of Tiantai Temple in Pingshun
Duliu: engaged in the design of public and private housing and the command of on-site construction (continued to the Yuan Dynasty)
The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties were the period of formation and foundation of Chinese wooden frame architecture. Rammed earth technology has matured - Taixie Construction Start using Dougong
High terraces and pavilions, beautiful palace rooms
The eight outer temples: Puren Temple, Pushan Temple, Puning Temple, Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Anyuan Temple, Guangyuan Temple, Shuxiang Temple, Xumi Fushou Temple
Ancient Chinese architecture experienced its last development climax before the Ming Dynasty and the middle of the Qing Dynasty.
Tengwang Pavilion, Yellow Crane Tower and Yueyang Tower are collectively known as the three famous towers in Jiangnan.
The four major ancient Islamic temples in China: Huaisheng Temple in Guangzhou, Qingjing Temple in Quanzhou, and Zhenjiao Temple in Hangzhou
Build a city to protect the king, build a guo to protect the people
Private ownership and class antagonism emerged, and cities were born