Catalyzes the synthesis of ATP

It is composed of a series of chemical substances that reversibly accept and release electrons or H. They exist in the inner membrane of mitochondria and form an interconnected and orderly arranged lipoprotein complex functional system. It is also called the electron transport chain, respiratory chain, coupled mitochondria. Phosphorylation process

Electron transfer body (enzyme or coenzyme that only transfers electrons)

Hydrogen transfer body (enzyme or coenzyme that transfers both electrons and protons)

four complexes

Two complete respiratory chains

Each component is arranged in an orderly manner, electrons are transferred from high to low according to the redox potential, and energy is released step by step.

The grana, also called complex V, is a bidirectional enzyme complex involved in both ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. Widely present on the thylakoid membrane or cell membrane of chloroplasts, heterotrophic bacteria, and photosynthetic bacteria

form

The F factor of ATP synthase consists of 5 types and 9 subunits, namely αgβ3v8E, with 3 catalytic sites for ATP synthesis (one for each β subunit). α and β are the main parts that express enzyme activity. Arranged alternately, shaped like orange petals

ε, V and c combine together to form a "rotor", located in the center of αgβ3, regulating the opening and closing of the catalytic sites of the three β subunits. The ε subunit has the function of inhibiting enzyme hydrolysis of ATP and blocking H channels, reducing H leakage.

The (F0) factor is composed of multiple subunits, forming a transmembrane proton channel. The diameter of the (F0) factor is about 7.5nm. The 12 c subunits form a wheel-like structure. The a subunit and the b subunit are located between the c subunits. outside There is a proton channel in the a subunit, and the C subunit can be driven and rotated by the proton current provided by the a subunit, that is, the a subunit is the only channel for (H) return flow.

main argument

The main steps

Features