MindMap Gallery Bio-citric acid cycle
This is a mind map about the citric acid cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the mitochondria of cells and can oxidize the pyruvate produced by glycolysis and allow the produced NADH and FADH2 to enter the electrolyte. The subtransfer process completes the complete oxidation of the substance.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
citric acid cycle
concept
Also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, it occurs in the mitochondria of cells and can oxidize the pyruvate produced by glycolysis and allow the produced NADH and FADH2 to enter the electron transport process to complete the complete oxidation of substances.
site of occurrence
Mitochondria
Preparation Phase
Pyruvate, forming acetyl-CoA (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1, the prosthetic group is TPP
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase E2, the prosthetic group is dihydrolipoamide
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase E3, the prosthetic group is FAD
basic process
Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate condense to form citric acid
Citrate synthase, rate-limiting enzyme
Isomerization of citric acid to form isocitric acid
Aconitum sour plum
Oxidation of isocitrate to form α-ketoglutarate
Isocitrate dehydrogenase, rate-limiting enzyme
Oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, rate-limiting enzyme
Three enzymes and six cofactors, such as NAD⁺, CoA, TPP, lipoamide, FAD and Mg²⁺
Succinyl-CoA is converted to succinic acid and phosphorylated to form GDP High-energy GTP (mammals) or ADP becomes ATP (plants or bacteria)
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
Dehydrogenation of succinic acid to fumaric acid
succinate dehydrogenase
Fumaric acid hydrates to form L-malic acid
fumarase
Oxidation of malic acid to form oxaloacetate
malate dehydrogenase
total chemical reaction formula
Acetyl-CoA 3NAD⁺ FAD GDP Pi 2H₂O-→2CO₂ 3NADH FADH₂ GTP 3H⁺ CoA-SH
glyoxylate pathway
Occurs in mitochondria and glyoxylate cycle of plant cells
physiological significance
Energy Supply
Provides intermediate products for biosynthesis
It is not only an important pathway for sugar metabolism, but also an important pathway for the final oxidation of lipid compounds and proteins into CO₂ and H₂O
Is one of the important sources of CO₂
Provide H⁺ e for breathing exercises
Energy calculation
Once per cycle: 7.5 1.5 1=10ATP
Starting with pyruvate: 10 2.5 = 12.5ATP
Starting with glucose (not accounting for glycolysis): 2×12.5=25ATP
Starting with glucose: 25 5 2 = 32ATP
Metabolite anaplerotic pathway
Carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate
Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate
Malic enzyme catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to malate
Regulatory mechanism
Three rate-limiting enzymes
Substrates acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate and product NADH
Ca²⁺
ATP and ADP