1. Competitive sports: Competitive sports are an important part of sports. They are social sports activities with sports competition as the main feature and the main goal of creating excellent sports results and winning competitions.

2. Basic motivations for the formation and development of competitive sports

3. A century-old review of the development of modern competitive sports

From the perspective of different practical processes, competitive sports includes four components: athlete selection, sports training, sports competition and competitive sports management.

1.Athlete selection

2. Sports training

3.Sports competition

4. Competitive sports management

Fierce competition Fierce competition is one of the most essential features that distinguishes competitive sports from other sports.

extensive social Competitive sports activities are group behaviors composed of several athletes. Only a certain number of athletes must participate at the same time before it is possible to organize competitive activities. The cluster nature of competitive sports activities is also reflected in the relationship between athletes and their sports collectives and other collectives or individuals.

high level of fairness Competition in competitive sports should be conducted under highly fair conditions. In order to ensure fair and fair competition, organizers of competitive sports have formulated strict standards or codes of conduct for competition items, time, location, venue equipment, qualifications, competition organization and participants.

Unique ornamental value Competitive sports originally developed from game activities with entertainment as the main purpose. The increasing competitiveness of modern competitive sports has greatly enhanced its viewing value.

huge utility Competitive sports, a social activity, has attracted great attention from the public and also contains huge utilitarian value. The huge market value of competitive sports will inevitably bring huge benefits to its practitioners.

endless pursuit Continuously improving the level of competition is the pursuit of all athletes. The result of athletes' efforts is to focus on competing to win and challenge records. Athletes' pursuit of setting new records is endless.

As a social activity for human beings, competitive sports has its own distinctive characteristics

Modern social values ​​that inspire mankind The competitiveness cultivated by competitive athletes in sports training and displayed in sports competitions is also an important quality that human beings should possess for survival and development.

Promote moral education on competition and cooperation Modern society is a competitive society, and competitive sports activities are a vivid and effective moral education for its participants and appreciators to cultivate and enhance their competitive spirit and cooperative awareness.

Improve the taste of life in modern society The continuous improvement of the level of competitive sports meets people's ever-increasing needs for sports viewing and is an important function of competitive sports.

Promote public participation in sports The development of competitive sports has promoted the development of mass sports activities. In turn, the development of mass activities has also created a good social environment for the development of competitive sports, thus greatly promoting the development of modern sports.

Show the comprehensive strength of the country and social groups The outcome of competitive sports competitions not only involves the honor of individual athletes, but also the honor of a country (region) and social groups. Many countries and social groups have paid great attention to and invested heavily in competitive sports.

Promote rapid economic and social development Holding large-scale sports competitions can not only directly obtain economic benefits, but also promote the development of related industries. Competitive sports have become an important part of the sports industry.

Resolve the negative emotions of social members Participating in sports training and sports competitions or watching sports competitions not only helps people's physical health, but also helps to resolve many bad thoughts and mental states, and guide good social behavioral norms and mental outlook.

Sports training is the main component in competitive sports Whether from the perspective of activity time, activity capacity, or investment, among the various components of competitive sports, sports training is the most important. Only through long-term, systematic and scientific training can athletes' competitive ability reach a high level and show excellent sports results in complex and changeable competitions.

The relationship between sports training and athlete selection An athlete's competitive ability includes two parts: innate genetic competitive ability and acquired competitive ability through acquired training. Scientific selection selects talents with superior innate genetic abilities. On this basis, scientific training must be carried out to effectively develop the athletes' competitive abilities and fully demonstrate the athletes' innate and genetic competitive abilities. . Material selection provides an important prerequisite for successful training; but without scientific training, no matter how good the materials are, it is impossible to become an excellent player.

The relationship between sports training and sports competition Participating in competitions and winning in competitions is the ultimate goal of athlete training. The content and arrangement of sports training should strive to comply with the characteristics of each sport and the requirements of competition rules. Sports achievements can only be recognized by society when they are shown in specially organized competitions. An athlete's competition performance is the best test of his training effect.

Main tasks: Reveal the universal laws of sports training activities, guide the training practices of various special sports, base the training activities of various special sports on the basis of scientific training theory, and strive to improve the scientific level of training.

Origin, comprehensiveness and practicality are the main disciplinary characteristics of sports training.

The basic content of sports training research includes five sections: "sports training principles", "sports training content", "sports training load", "sports training methods" and "sports training arrangements"

According to the fields covered by theoretical research, sports training theory can be divided into three levels: general training theory, event group training theory and special training theory.

From the perspective of theoretical learning, sports training usually refers to a super-specialized theoretical system that clarifies the basic theories of sports training and common and universal issues in the training process, that is, general training theory. A theoretical system that clarifies the common features of a group of sports with similar competitive characteristics and training requirements, that is, event group training theory. There is a close connection between general sports training theory, event group training theory and special training theory. General sports training originates from special training theory and is based on special training theory. From each special training theory, it is summarized with widely applicable common laws of nature, and elevate it to a theory with universal guiding significance for sports training activities in different projects.

The level of competition an athlete performs in competition

The level of competition displayed by the opponent during the game

The behavior of judging the results of the competition

The performance of any competitive event is determined by three factors: the athlete's performance in the game, the opponent's performance in the game, and the evaluation behavior of the competition results. Among them, the performance of the athletes themselves and their opponents in the game is determined by their competitive ability and the degree of performance in the game; and the evaluation behavior of the game results includes the competition rules, evaluation methods, and the moral level and professionalism of the referees Level three aspects.

Competitive ability refers to an athlete’s ability to compete. It is composed of physical fitness, skills, tactical abilities, sports intelligence and psychological abilities with different expressions and different functions, and is comprehensively expressed in the process of special competition.

An athlete's physical fitness level is concentrated in the three basic sports qualities of strength, speed, and endurance, as well as the development level of various combined sports qualities between the three. The shape and functional state of the human body are the basic conditions that determine their sports quality.

An athlete's skill level can be judged from two aspects: technical rationality and stability.

Tactical ability is manifested in three parts: striving to make excellent use of one's own functions, skills and psychological abilities, interfering with the opponent's competitive ability within the scope permitted by the rules, and exerting legal influence on the evaluation of competition results.

Highly developed coordination ability is an important prerequisite for athletes to master reasonable sports techniques; in addition to the technical foundation, athletes' intellectual status and general and professional knowledge levels have an important impact on the development and improvement of their tactical abilities.

Athletes' psychological abilities cover a wide range of fields, and in competitions they are concentrated on their emotions and will to compete.

The important role of status diagnosis in training

The important role of establishing goals in training

Basic unit of training load

load intensity

Load capacity

The necessity of exercise load control

Basic concepts of exercise training load control

1. Sports training methods: It is the way and method to improve the competitive level of athletes and complete training tasks in sports training activities.

2. The role of exercise training methods

3. Sports training methods: refers to the specific exercises used in the sports training process to improve a certain competitive sports ability and complete a certain training task.

4. The role of sports training methods

5. The relationship between sports training methods and sports training methods

1. The development stage of modern sports training methods

2. The development direction of modern sports training methods

3. Ways to innovate sports training methods

1. Basic structure of sports training methods

2. Sports training method system

3. Application of sports training methods

1. Commonly used methods of sports training

2. Application of sports training methods

The meaning of sports training process: it is the performance of sports training activities in the time dimension, and it is the steps and procedures for sports training activities.

The basic structure of the sports training process

The important role of athlete diagnosis in training

Basic content of initial status diagnosis

The important role of training goals in the training process

Basic content of training objectives

Suitability of exercise training goals

Exercise training programs and their effects

Classification of exercise training programs

Organization, implementation and inspection and evaluation of operational training plans

Orientation of training goals and tendency of training content

Specificity of competitive needs and specificity of training behavior

The hierarchy of competitive ability and the selectivity of training methods

Scientifically set long-term and staged training goals

Determine the content of training based on the structural characteristics of special abilities

Select training methods and means based on training tasks and training content

Arrange training load according to game characteristics

The long-term nature of human biological adaptation

The continuity of competitive ability formation and the instability of training effects

The cyclical nature of the human body’s biological adaptation process

Improve the multi-level training system to provide a strong guarantee for athletes to achieve systematic training for many years

Implementation of the training process of the segmented organization system

Handle the combination of fixed factors and variable factors in training arrangements

The clustering requirements of human social life

Diversity and variability in athletic training practices

The unity of opposites between athletes’ commonality and individuality

Combining mutual improvement with individual development

Combining common content with individual arrangements

Adaptive mechanisms of human body functional capabilities

Deterioration of the body under the influence of overload

Training adjustment timing and recovery time limit requirements

Correctly understand the properties of exercise load

Accurately grasp the evaluation methods of exercise load and exercise fatigue

Scientifically explore the critical value of load measurement

Actively take appropriate measures to speed up the body’s recovery

The long-term and arduous nature of sports training requires continuous motivation of athletes to participate in training.

The variability and dynamics of the training process require accurate implementation of effective control

Strengthen the purpose of training and correct outlook on life, world view and values ​​education

Give full play to athletes’ main role and subjective initiative in training

Pay attention to the collection and application of athletes' subjective reactions, actual performance and training information

The unity of training plan principles and flexibility

Physical training is an important part of sports training

Athletes in different sports strive to use various effective training methods and methods to transform their body shape, improve functional levels, develop sports quality, and improve sports performance during sports training.

Physical training is closely related to technical training, tactical training, psychological training and intelligence training.

Physical training is divided into general physical training and special physical training. General physical training is the basis of special physical training.

Properly arrange general physical training and special physical training

Physical training should be organically combined with technical, tactical, psychological and intelligent training

The main content of physical training is the training of sports quality

Strengthen education for athletes

Physical fitness dominant speed event group

Physical fitness-oriented endurance sports group

Physically dominant strength event group

Skill-oriented category performance is difficult to beautify the group

Skill and mental ability-dominated performance accuracy item group

Directly confrontational item group with dominant skills and combat ability

Skills and combat can lead the group of similar events in the same field.

Skills and combat can dominate the group of adversarial items in the class separation network

Various methods of physical training are meaningful to the body shape, and corresponding training methods can be used according to needs.

Many special training methods are effective in developing the body shape in the direction of special needs. The body shape training of athletes in almost all sports is basically achieved through special training methods.

Hand-held light equipment training method

dance training method

Arrange body shape training according to morphological characteristics of different growth and development stages

Arrange body shape training according to the characteristics of different specialties

Body shape training should pay attention to the influence of genetic factors

Use various methods to improve body shape

1. Maximum Strength Training Methods

2. Quick Strength Training Methods

3. Strength and endurance training methods

Pay attention to the corresponding development of different muscle strengths

Choose effective training methods

Handle the relationship between load and recovery

Pay attention to stimulate interest in practice

Things you should pay attention to when doing strength training for children and teenagers

reaction speed

Action speed

Moving speed

Reaction speed: mainly depends on the characteristics of human receptors (vision, hearing) and other analyzers, as well as the coordination relationship between the central nervous system and neuromuscles. Reaction speed quality is greatly affected by genetic effects, and it is difficult to significantly improve it through training. Factors such as different signal stimulations, different action preparations, different functional conditions, different intensities, and different numbers of receptors receiving stimulation will all affect the performance of athletes' reaction speed.

Action speed and moving speed: affected by the conversion speed of excitation and inhibition of the central nervous system and the nerve-muscle coordination. Of all the influencing factors, the percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers in the muscle tissue plays an important role.

Moving speed: It is related to step length and step frequency, but does not entirely depend on the corresponding relationship between step length and step frequency. The movement speed mainly depends on the action frequency, that is, the number of action cycles completed per unit time, and the displacement amplitude of each action cycle in a specific movement direction.

Speed ​​quality is an important part of athletes' sports quality, and its development level has an important impact on the overall competitive ability of athletes.

Good speed qualities have a positive impact on the development of other athletic qualities. Rapid muscle contraction can produce greater force, and highly developed speed qualities can provide greater space for the development of endurance qualities.

Most of the technical movements in competitive sports require rapid completion. Good speed quality helps athletes better master reasonable and effective sports skills.

In different sports, speed quality plays an important role.

(1) Training methods and key points for reaction speed

(2) Training methods and key points of movement speed

(3) Training methods and key points of moving speed

Establish a training guiding ideology that attaches great importance to speed

Speed ​​training must be closely integrated with special characteristics and competition requirements

Reasonably arrange the order and time of speed training

Reasonably arrange the load of speed training

Convert capabilities effectively

Personality and psychological characteristics of athletes

The ability of an organism to obtain and exchange energy during activity

Stability of organism function

Economy of functions, perfection of coordination and rational distribution of forces of the organism

(1) Training methods to develop general endurance

(2) Training methods to develop specific endurance

Endurance training should be combined with the cultivation of athletes' will and quality, the cultivation of ideological style and the training and regulation of psychology.

Endurance training should pay attention to the characteristics of the special event and develop special endurance based on the needs of the special event. For example, wrestling and judo athletes need to develop strength endurance and cardiovascular endurance.

Pay attention to the scientific nature of breathing during endurance training

While developing anaerobic endurance, attention should be paid to the coordinated development of aerobic endurance.

Endurance training should pay attention to the systematic arrangement throughout the year

Correctly distinguish the types of endurance and master the time range of endurance. 3 minutes of work is the time limit between aerobic and anaerobic work.

Correctly determine the proportional relationship between the development of different energy sources in different sports and various endurance training methods, so that the proportion of energy in the selected endurance training methods and sports activities corresponds to and coordinates with each other.

Correctly understand the proportional relationship between the body's oxygen metabolism under different load intensities, so that the selected exercise methods and the development energy ratio of the load intensity can correspond and coordinate with each other.

During endurance training, attention should be paid to strengthening medical supervision, taking various recovery measures to eliminate fatigue, paying attention to weight loss, and trying to eliminate excess fat in the muscles.

Action elements

Technical structure

The inseparability of sports technology: The inseparability of sports technology and athletes’ human bodies is the most significant feature that distinguishes sports technology from other technologies. Sports skills can only be expressed through the body movements of athletes.

The inevitability of the continuous development of sports technology: At any given moment, the normative requirements of sports technology are relative and temporary. With the continuous improvement of athletes' physical and mental quality and the continuous improvement of sports equipment and equipment, sports technology is also constantly developing, that is, it is in a process of dynamic change.

The relative stability and timely adaptability of sports technology: Sports technology should have a relatively stable action structure. During the game, strive to maintain this structure. At the same time, as the competition environment and opponents change, effective sports techniques should be able to adapt to these changes.

Individual differences in sports technology: No matter what kind of sports technology, it must comply with scientific principles and have the normative nature of sports and recognized action specifications. However, because athletes have different personal characteristics in many aspects such as body shape and athletic quality, sports techniques also have individual differences. For each specific athlete, the most reasonable technical movements will not be exactly the same. Has distinct personal characteristics.

What principles should sports technology comply with?

biological principles

Principles of psychology

sociological principles

(1) Determining factors

(2) Objective evaluation

The intuitive method refers to a commonly used training method in technical training that uses the athletes' various sensory organs to establish a representation of the practice, gain perceptual understanding, and use the athletes' correct thinking, mastering and improvement of sports technical level.

The language method refers to the training method that uses various forms of language to guide athletes to learn and master technical movements in technical training. Its main function is to help athletes clarify the concepts of technical movements with the help of words, correct wrong movements, and improve their technical level. The language method uses "explanation" as the main method. When explaining, you should strive to have a clear purpose, be easy to understand, concise, concise, and inspiring, and pay attention to the timing of explanation. For high-level elite athletes, the language method can be used more appropriately.

The complete method refers to a training method in which athletes practice completely from the starting position to the ending position of technical movements to master the technique. Its advantage is that it allows athletes to establish a complete concept of technical movements from the beginning without affecting the structure of the movements and the connection between the various parts. It is mostly used to learn simple technical movements or more complex technical movements that cannot be broken down.

The decomposition method refers to a training method that divides complete technical movements into several relatively independent parts according to their basic links, so that athletes can practice them separately. Its advantage is that it can reduce the difficulty for athletes to start learning. After mastering several relatively independent parts of a complete technical movement, complete exercises can be performed, thereby improving the efficiency of learning and enhancing the confidence in mastering the movements. It is mainly used in complete sets of technical movement exercises for more complex techniques and skill-oriented difficult-to-beauty items. It can also be used when improving movements and improving movement quality.

The imagination method refers to a training method that leaves technical "traces" in the cerebral cortex through imagining technical essentials before practice, and then activates this trace during practice to make technical movements more smoothly and correctly completed. .

The representational method, also known as the telekinesis method, refers to a training method in which athletes recall and reproduce the correct technical movements completed in the past in their minds to evoke a sense of presence.

Difficulty reduction method refers to a method of training at a difficulty level lower than the specific requirements in technical training.

The increasing difficulty method refers to the method of training with a difficulty higher than the special requirements in technical training.

Handle the relationship between basic technology and difficult technology

Handle the relationship between specialty technology and comprehensive technology

Handle the relationship between standardization and individual differences

Deal with the relationship between gradual progress and difficulty first

Handle the relationship between reasonable internal mechanisms and correct external forms

Pay close attention to the cultivation of technical style

Handle the relationship between "learning" and "training" well

Improve the basic structure of movements and improve the level of technical combinations

Pay attention to the foresight of sports technology innovation and technological development

Directly improve athletic performance

Introduce winning factors or improve the individual level of winning factors and the level of combinations between factors

Effectively restrict existing sports technology

Meet the needs of tactical development

Unleash human potential more effectively

The main factors that constitute the competitive strategy of sports events

"Difficulty, novelty, beauty and stability" are still the main trends in the development of sports technology

Handle the relationship between technical difficulties and humanistic care

Attaching great importance to sports technology innovation

Pay more attention to the combination of sports technology and art

Technical details increasingly influence athletic performance

Changes in rules have an overall impact on technological development

The technical status of "serve and return of serve" is extremely important

Pay great attention to the training of "fine techniques"

The interaction between technology and play style

Alternate development of offensive techniques and tactics and defensive techniques and tactics

Factors affecting the evolution of technology and play styles

Pay great attention to physical confrontation techniques and the use of other techniques in strong physical confrontations

Reasonably handle the relationship between "comprehensive technology" and "location technology"

Pay more attention to "combination technology"

Coaches are required to arrange training content according to the characteristics of the event group as close as possible to the real competition situation. At the same time, athletes are also required to have the ability to adapt to changes and make quick and correct judgments and take actions in complex environments.

Sports technology has occupied an extremely important position in training concepts

Extreme emphasis on individual differences in sports skills

Consider both rationality and economy while considering effectiveness

Technological development takes quality improvement as the main approach

The modern scientific and technological content of technology has a trend of increasing

tactical concept

Tactical guiding ideology

tactical awareness

tactical knowledge

tactical form

tactical action

The decomposition tactical training method refers to a method of dividing a complete tactical combination process into several relatively independent parts, and then practicing the parts separately.

The complete tactical training method refers to the method of conducting complete tactical combination exercises.

Difficulty-reduced training method refers to a method of training at a level lower than the difficulty required by the competition.

Difficult training method refers to a method of training that is higher than the difficulty requirements of the competition.

The virtual reality training method refers to a training method that uses high-tech equipment to "virtualize" possible future competition scenarios on the computer screen in advance, thereby helping athletes improve their ability to foresee and use tactics flexibly and effectively in various situations.

Imagination training method is a psychological training method. This method is to recall tactical images under the guidance of the internal language and formulas of the athletes' brains, which can help athletes establish rich and accurate tactical sports images in their brains.

The procedural training method is a training method introduced from the teaching field in recent years.

The simulation training method refers to a method that enables athletes to acquire special tactical abilities based on obtaining accurate intelligence information, through sparring with partners who imitate the characteristics of their main opponents in major competitions, and through practicing in an environment similar to competition conditions. A highly targeted training method.

Practical combat method refers to the method of cultivating tactical ability in the game.

Tactical missions and specific objectives

Anticipate your opponent’s tactical intentions

Determine tactical principles

one's own tactical actions

Predict possible situations and contingency measures during the game

Measures to adapt to the competition environment

Arrangements for pre-game tactical training

Confidentiality requirements for this plan and pre-match concealment work

Collect timely and accurate intelligence

Handle the relationship between strategic decision-making and tactical decision-making

Consider the impact of the competition environment

Take advantage of contest rules

Combining planning with variability

Athletes' psychological abilities are closely related to their physical and technical and tactical abilities. They are interdependent, mutually restrictive, mutually reinforcing and complementary.

Good personality qualities and necessary psychological skills can effectively promote athletes' physical training and improve their technical and tactical levels. They are also the prerequisite and guarantee for athletes to perform normally or exceptionally in competitions.

The characteristics of athletes' psychological processes also have a huge impact on their training and competition behaviors. Players with keen observation are good at seizing opportunities in the game; players with rich imagination are more creative; and players who can concentrate highly He showed perseverance in training and competition.

In turn, physical fitness, skills, and tactical abilities are the carrier and material basis of psychological abilities. Psychological training must be combined with physical training and technical and tactical training to achieve good results.

goal setting skills

imagination skills

relaxation skills

Pay attention to skills

Will quality training

Competitive athletes with high athlete intelligence have a deeper grasp of the characteristics and rules of this specialized competition, and have a more accurate understanding and experience of training theories and methods.

Competitive players with high sports intelligence can more accurately grasp the essence and essence of sports tactics, and are good at using tactics flexibly and flexibly in competitions; they are good at mobilizing and controlling their own psychological activities, thereby ensuring that they are better in competition. Give full play to the existing competitive level and show higher overall competitive ability.

(1) Training of general intelligence

(2) Training of sports intelligence

Complete the leap from perceptual to rational understanding and put psychological training into practice

Change from spontaneous use to conscious use

From individual and scattered applications to system applications

Persevere, integrate and develop in an all-round way

First of all, from the perspective of the characteristics of human sports knowledge itself, sports knowledge is the sports-related knowledge and experience that people obtain in practice.

Secondly, from the perspective of the ways to obtain sports knowledge, the individual knowledge structure of athletes needs to be continuously improved.

Third, from the perspective of the way sports knowledge works, knowledge itself will not generate power. Only the rational application of knowledge will reflect the value of knowledge.

Teaching and guidance from coaches

From athletes’ own sports practices

Teachings from scientific and educational workers

Learning from social contexts

First, athletes constantly summarize their own experiences and use new experiences in subsequent training and competitions.

Secondly, apply the practical experience of others to your own training and competition processes

Third, apply the research results of professionals to sports training and competitions

General methods for learning cultural theoretical knowledge

Combined with training practice to learn sports professional theoretical knowledge

Learn a wide range of scientific knowledge in related disciplines

Acquisition of physical fitness, skills, tactical abilities, and psychological abilities

Improve the consciousness of applying theoretical knowledge

Carefully conduct pre-match analysis and post-match summary

positive reflection

Improve athletes' understanding of the significance of learning theoretical knowledge and developing knowledge and abilities, mobilize their positive thinking, and inspire them to improve their awareness of knowledge and abilities.

To improve knowledge and ability, the content should be selected according to the actual situation of the object, and the method and weight should be determined.

Tasks to improve knowledge and ability should be included in the training plan and should occupy a certain proportion in the plan

A system for measuring and evaluating knowledge and ability should be gradually established

years of training

Link intervals over many years of training

Nested chaining model for full multi-year training process

Long-term requirements for the development of athletes’ competitive abilities

Staged requirements for athletes’ competitive ability development

Number of games

Competition classification and arrangement

Division of competition stages

Controlling the number of games played by outstanding players

Types of annual training plans

Arrangement characteristics of different types of annual training plans

Selection of annual training plan cycle type

Meaning: It is designed with the goal of successfully participating in 1 or 2 major competitions. The time is usually determined by a "countdown" filling method that embodies the idea of ​​target control. The main competition date is used as the calibration point, and the time is determined sequentially in the return direction. Main competition phases and competition periods, as well as complete training cycles

step

Preparatory training plan

Training plan during competition

Recovery training plan

Differential treatment of different types of training team members

Differential treatment of different training team members

Main tasks of the basic training week plan

Structural characteristics of training content during the basic training week

Structural Characteristics of Basic Training Weekly Load

Main tasks of training during the pre-match training week

Adaptation to game pace

Pre-match training content

Training session load control

Main tasks during game week training

Characteristics of training content and load structure during game week

Preparatory activities before the game

Main tasks of training during the training week between games

Characteristics of training content and load structure during inter-match training weeks

Main tasks of recovery week training

Characteristics of training content and load structure during the recovery week

Types and characteristics of training sessions

Requirements for different task training courses

Training session structure

Training session load