Local reaction: Cells are subject to subthreshold stimulation, and the local depolarization generated on the cell membrane cannot spread to distant locations, so it is called a local reaction.

a certain intensity

certain duration

certain intensity change rate

Three conditions interact with each other. If the value of one or two conditions changes, the values ​​of other conditions will also change.

Excitation: It is a reaction in which physiological functions are enhanced after the organs, tissues or cells of an organism are stimulated by a strong enough stimulus.

Excitable cells: In the body, neuromuscular and endocrine gland cells can generate propagable action potentials under the action of stimulation.

Excitability: refers to the ability or characteristic of the body to respond to excitement after experiencing stimulation. It is generated on the basis of metabolism and is one of the basic characteristics of the body's life activities.

The concept is: Resting potential refers to the potential difference that exists on both sides of the membrane when the cell is not stimulated. Because this potential difference exists on both sides of the quiet cell membrane, it is also called transmembrane resting potential or membrane potential.

P12

Action potential refers to a rapid and short-lived potential fluctuation that occurs on the cell membrane based on the original resting potential when a cell is stimulated and excited, and can spread to the surroundings.

Ascending branch

descending branch

repolarization

all or nothing phenomenon

There is an absolute refractory period

Conduction: The action potential generated anywhere will spread along the entire cell membrane

Nerve impulse: an action potential that is a pulse-like spike that is conducted along a nerve fiber

Usually has the following characteristics, physiological integrity, two-way conduction, non-attenuation and relatively non-fatigue, insulation

It is a section of myofibril between two adjacent z lines, which includes a dark band in the middle and 1/2 bright bands on both sides.

Meaning: The globular heads of the myosin molecules that make up the thick myofilaments protrude regularly, and the thick myofilaments on both sides of the m line form the bulges on the stem surface.

Functional characteristics: First, it has a site that can bind to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and at the same time, it has ATPase activity, but this enzyme is only activated when the cross bridge is connected to the thin myofilament; second, it is active under a certain Under certain conditions, the cross bridge can reversibly combine with the corresponding site of the thin myofilament, and appear to tilt and swing, pulling the thin myofilament to slide towards the middle of the thick myofilament.

Muscle contractile proteins: During muscle contraction and relaxation, proteins related to the sliding of myofilaments are called muscle contractile proteins, including myosin and actin

Muscle regulatory proteins: tropomyosin and troponin regulate myofilament sliding

myotubular system

Nerve-muscle junction: The nerve endings lose their myelin sheath before the muscle fibers contact, and then the exposed endings are embedded in the muscle membrane, which is called the midplate mold in the depression, forming the so-called psychomuscular junction.

The specific process of transmission of excitement at the nerve-muscle junction

Characteristics of transmission of excitement at nerve-muscle junctions

Muscle excitation-contraction coupling

Myofilament sliding theory

Preload refers to the load applied to a muscle before it contracts.

Afterload refers to the load or resistance encountered when a muscle begins to contract

It refers to a form of contraction in which when the tension generated by muscle contraction is greater than the external resistance, the muscle shortens and pulls the bone lever to make corresponding movements. During shortening and contraction, the starting and ending points of the muscles are close to each other, which is also called concentric contraction.

It refers to a form of contraction in which the muscle contracts actively but is stretched when the tension generated by muscle contraction is less than the external resistance. When the contraction is stretched, the starting and ending points of the muscle are separated, also known as eccentric contraction.

It refers to a form of contraction in which the muscles overcome a constant sideline. It is customarily called isotonic contraction.

The tension speed curve shows that within a certain range, the tension generated by muscle contraction is roughly inversely proportional to the speed. When the load increases to a certain value, the tension can reach the maximum, but the contraction speed is zero, and the muscle can only be isotonic. Contraction, when the afterload is zero, the tension is theoretically zero and the muscle contraction speed reaches its maximum

Initially increasing the initial length of muscle contraction, the tension generated during muscle contraction increases, but when the initial length increases and exceeds a certain length, the tension decreases instead.

A large motor neuron together with the fast-twitch muscle fibers or I-type muscle fibers it innervates is called a slow motor unit

A small motor neuron connects the slow-twitch muscle fibers it innervates, or ∏-type muscle fibers, called a slow motor unit

During exercise, the order and degree of participation of different types of motor units in activities

Impulse activity is not the only factor that determines muscle fiber type. Muscle fiber type may be further related to the presence and action of motor nerve trophic factors.

It can strengthen skeletal muscle tissue and improve muscle function. Different forms of exercise training can preferentially cause the hypertrophy of certain types of muscle fibers in the ribs of the main movement muscles. This phenomenon is called the selective hypertrophy of muscle fibers and the tendency to decrease. It is believed that The reduction in the area of ​​slow-twitch muscle fibers and the proliferation of capillaries are conducive to shortening the diffusion distance of muscles and facilitating oxygen transportation, which are manifestations of endurance training adaptation.

Effects of exercise training on aerobic capacity of muscle fibers

Effects of exercise training on the anaerobic capacity of muscle fibers

Specificity of the effects of exercise training on muscle fibers

phosphagen system

glycolytic system

aerobic oxidation system

Anaerobic fast energy system

Thermal value of food: The heat generated when one gram of food is oxidized is called the thermal value of food.

Oxygen heat price: the heat generated by consuming 1 liter of oxygen when a certain food is oxidized

Respiratory quotient: The ratio of the body's CO2 production and oxygen consumption at the same time is called respiratory quotient.

muscle activity

ambient temperature

Special dynamic effects of food

mental and emotional activities

other factors

Basal metabolism and basal metabolic rate

Anaerobic metabolism during acute exercise

Aerobic metabolism during acute exercise

Integration of energy metabolism during acute exercise

In addition to energy substance reserves, aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism capacity are also important factors. The regulation ability of energy metabolism and the metabolic ability of the recovery process after exercise are also important factors. Chronic exercise mainly affects the latter two. Generally speaking, chronic exercise can Upregulates the activity of enzymes involved in the main energy metabolism and energy supply system, making acute exercise more sensitive to the regulation of neurohormones. When the internal environment changes, the functions of various organ systems are more coordinated. At the same time, it accelerates the recovery of energy, substances, and various metabolic regulation systems. Elimination of fatigue. For example, athletes who have received endurance training for a long time have higher aerobic exercise capacity than athletes who have received speed training for a long time, but their anaerobic endurance is significantly lower than the latter.

exercise or energy saving

The classic method to evaluate the function of the glycolytic system is the Wingate test.

1. Neuron

2. Glial cells

The meaning is that information is transferred from the previous neuron to the following neuron. This information transfer process is called salient transfer. Synapse: The contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector that connects each other in physiology Synaptosome: On the main axon, the end of the axon is divided into many branches, and the enlarged part at the end of each branch

the main form

The important role of electrical synaptic transmission in synchronized neuronal activity

①The activity form and integration method of reflection

②Contact information of central neurons

③Characteristics of central excitation in chemical synaptic transmission

④General inhibition and facilitation of central activity

Meaning: On the body surface or inside the tissues of humans and animals, there are some structural devices called receptors that are specially formed to sense the stimulation of environmental changes inside and outside the body.

General physiological characteristics of receptors

Receptive field: refers to the spatial range composed of all receptors that can affect neuron activity.

proprioceptor Muscle spindles, tendon organs and joint receptors located in muscles, tendons and joints are called proprioceptors

Law of Specific Nervous Energy

somatosensory representative area

somatic sensation

touch-pressure

Two point discrimination threshold

tactile threshold

The process of vision formation

photosensitive transducer system

Shortsighted

Farsightedness

vestibular organ

vestibular response

vestibular function stability

Stretch reflex: When a skeletal muscle is stretched by an external force when the spinal cord is intact, it can reflexively cause the same stretched muscle to contract.

Flexor reflex: When vertebrates are subjected to noxious stimulation, the flexor muscles of the stimulated limb joints contract rapidly, while the extensor muscles are slow. The flexion of the limb is called the flexor reflex.

Contralateral extensor reflex: On the basis of flexion of the stimulated ipsilateral limb, increasing the stimulation intensity will cause extension of the contralateral limb.

In the central part of the brainstem, there are many old areas composed of neurons of different shapes and sizes, with various types of nerve fibers running through them in a network.

Changes in the spatial position of the head and changes in the relative position of the head and trunk will reflexively cause changes in muscle tone in the trunk and limbs.

When people and animals are in abnormal positions, they use a series of coordinated movements to return their positions to normal reflex activities.

Refers to the adjustment reflex of the incoming impulses of the otolith organ of the inner ear labyrinth to the tension of the body extensor muscles when the spatial position of the head changes.

It refers to the adjustment reflex of the muscle tension in the limbs after the cervical joint ligaments and neck muscles are stimulated when the neck is twisted.

It refers to a form of secretion in which endocrine cells secrete the hormones produced directly into body fluids and use body fluids as a medium to produce effects on target cells.

It is composed of classic endocrine glands and endocrine cells distributed in functional organs and tissues. It is a system that releases information to regulate body functions.

hypothalamus

pituitary

thyroid

Endocrine functions of parathyroid glands

Composed of two parts: outer cortex and central medulla

The main physiological effects of insulin

regulation of insulin secretion

Physiological effects of glucagon

Refers to a specific physiological reaction when the body comes into contact with "antigenic foreign matter" or "foreign component". Its function is to identify and eliminate antigenic foreign matter to maintain the body's physiological balance.

non-specific immunity

specific immunity

immune system

Immune Function

It is the place where immune cells differentiate, proliferate and settle, and is divided into central lymphoid organs and peripheral lymphoid organs.

①Lymphocytes

②Monocyte-macrophage

③The main immune function of granulocytes is neutrophils

Antibody

complement

Cytokines

Induction phase: This is an antigen presentation process

Proliferation and differentiation stage: BCDF and BCGF can promote B cells to mature, proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Effect stage: In this stage, most B cells can become plasma cells to synthesize and secrete immunoglobulins, and then the antibodies directly or indirectly exert immune effects to kill antigenic substances entering the human body. At the same time, some B cells become memory B cells.

Induction phase: basically the same as the induction phase of humoral immunity

Proliferation and differentiation stage: Activated TH cells begin to proliferate in large quantities, eventually leading to the activation of corresponding TD cells and TC cells, entering the effector stage

Effector stage: activate TC cells to exert specific cytotoxic effects and attack target cells.

This theory holds that the sharp increase in stress hormones and the sharp increase in hemodynamics during high-intensity exercise, as well as the drastic changes in hemodynamics, lead to the rapid mobilization of lymphocytes and other immune cells into the blood, causing the number of lymphocytes and other It rises sharply during exercise, and lymphocyte subpopulations change significantly. After high-intensity exercise, lymphocyte concentration decreases, proliferation and differentiation ability and activity decrease, and immunoglobulin content and function are also affected to a certain extent, leading to a period of low immunity. During this period, external pathogens can easily invade the human body. During this period, athletes' resistance to infectious diseases decreases and their susceptibility rate increases.

There is a subtle relationship between exercise intensity and the rate of upper respiratory tract infections: if we use the resting level of normal non-exercisers as a reference, we can find that regular physical exercise of moderate intensity can significantly reduce the rate of upper respiratory tract infections, while high-intensity exercise can significantly reduce the rate of upper respiratory tract infections. Exercise training will significantly increase it

main performance

Main mechanism

main performance

Main mechanism

Regulatory effects of carbohydrates on immune function

The regulating effect of vitamins on immune function

The regulatory effect of antioxidants on immune function

plasma proteins

Water and inorganic salts

non-protein organic matter

red blood cells

leukocyte

platelets

The total blood volume of an adult is 7 to 8 percent of body weight

The specific gravity is between 1.025 and 1.034, the specific gravity of red blood cells is 1.090 to 1.092, and the specific gravity of plasma is 1.025 to 1.034. The specific gravity of whole blood mainly depends on the number of red blood cells and the content of plasma protein. The specific gravity of plasma is related to the content of plasma protein.

Blood viscosity mainly depends on the number of red blood cells and the content of plasma proteins. Hematocrit is the most important factor that determines blood viscosity. The larger the hematocrit, the higher the blood viscosity.

The force that causes water molecules to move through the membrane in the plasma is called plasma osmotic pressure, which is divided into body osmotic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure formed by electrolytes is called crystal osmotic pressure, and the osmotic pressure formed by proteins is called crystal osmotic pressure. colloid osmotic pressure

The pH of normal human plasma is 7.35 to 7.45. When acidic or alkaline substances enter the blood, the buffer substances in the plasma can effectively reduce the impact of acidic substances or alkaline substances on plasma pH, especially in the kidneys and lungs. The normal function of expelling excess acid or alkali from the body makes the fluctuation range of plasma pH smaller.

Effect of exercise on plasma volume: Exercise training can increase plasma volume. High blood volume caused by exercise is a manifestation of the body's adaptability and mobilization. It allows the body to maintain a certain circulating blood volume after changes in heavy sweating. At the same time, it can reduce the viscosity of blood and peripheral resistance, which is beneficial to body temperature regulation and material transportation.

Blood lipids: It can bring about beneficial changes in blood lipids and lipoproteins. Exercise is an effective means to prevent dyslipidemia.

Blood sugar: Appropriate physical activity, whether for type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, can improve insulin sensitivity and enhance glucose utilization, thereby lowering blood sugar and improving blood sugar control.

The impact of exercise on the number of red blood cells: Compared with short-term, high-intensity, fast exercise and long-term endurance exercise, the increase in red blood cells is more obvious. The greater the amount of exercise, the greater the increase in red blood cells. Athletes who have undergone long-term systematic training will increase their red blood cells at rest. The blood volume is higher than that of the average person. The number of red blood cells is not higher than that of the average person, and some are even lower than the normal value.

HB and sports: Use hemoglobin indicators to select athletes. There are three types: high type, normal type, and fluctuating type. Each type can be divided into those with large fluctuations and those with small fluctuations. Those with high hemoglobin values ​​and small fluctuations are better.

Subtopic: A temporary phenomenon in which HB concentration, red blood cell count, or HCT is lower than normal due to exercise training, called exercise anemia.

The main purpose is to use the hypoxic environment to stimulate the body's physiological adaptation to hypoxic stress, stimulate the body's hematopoietic system, promote red blood cell production, increase the content of HB and myoglobin, and thereby enhance the ability of blood to transport oxygen and muscles to utilize oxygen.

Gas exchange between the external environment and the blood in the lungs

It refers to the process by which circulating blood transports O2 from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.

In tissue capillaries, gas exchange between blood and tissue cells occurs through tissue fluid.

The driving force of pulmonary ventilation is the air pressure difference between the atmosphere and the alveoli

calm breathing

Breathe hard

abdominal breathing

chest breathing

Adjustments during exercise

The pleural cavity is a closed space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura

Intrapleural pressure refers to the pressure within the pleural cavity

negative intrathoracic pressure

Advantages: Can reflexively cause an increase in muscle tone

Disadvantages: ① Causes venous blood to flow together, making it difficult to reduce cardiac output and blood pressure, resulting in insufficient blood supply to the myocardium, brain cells, and retina, easily causing dizziness, nausea, tinnitus, and the feeling of stars in the eyes. ②When the breath holding is over, deep inhalation will occur reflexively, causing the intrapleural pressure to drop sharply, and the blood retained in the veins to return to the heart quickly, causing the blood pressure to rise sharply.

Note: ① Don’t inhale too deeply before holding your breath ②Adapting to breath-holding should follow the principle of gradual progress ③Hold your breath and use it at the critical moment of victory

meaning

composition

meaning

deep inspiratory volume

functional residual capacity

vital capacity

Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced vital capacity in 1 second (FVC1)

total lung capacity

pulmonary ventilation

Maximum ventilation volume: refers to the maximum volume of air that can be breathed per unit time

maximum voluntary ventilation

Alveolar ventilation: refers to the amount of fresh air inhaled into the alveoli per minute

Pulmonary ventilation response to exercise

Adaptation of lung ventilation to training

Significance: ①Improve the pulmonary ventilation function of athletes ② Improve respiratory muscle endurance, reduce respiratory tract resistance, and improve athletes’ endurance level

training method

The gas diffusion rate is directly proportional to the diffusion area and inversely proportional to the diffusion distance

The gas diffusion rate is proportional to the partial pressure difference

Gas diffusion rate is proportional to temperature

The ventilation/blood flow ratio is the ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow per minute.

The normal ventilation/blood flow ratio at rest is about 0.84

During small-to-medium intensity exercise, the ventilation/blood flow ratio remains basically stable, while during high-intensity exercise, the ratio increases.

Hb oxygen capacity

Hboxygen content

Hb oxygen saturation

Meaning: The curve of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the Hb oxygen saturation

Analysis of Oxygen Dissociation Curves

oxygen utilization coefficient

Factors Affecting Oxygen Dissociation Curve

oxygen reserve

oxygen pulse

CO 2 produced by tissue cell metabolism enters the blood and is mainly transported in the form of Hco3-

After Co 2 enters red blood cells, it can directly combine with the free amino groups on the Hb molecule to form carbamic acid hemoglobin.

Refers to reflex breathing changes caused by the expansion or contraction of the lungs

It refers to the reflex breathing changes caused by the incoming impulse from the proprioceptor of the ventilator.

Refers to changes in respiratory movements caused by coughing responses, sneezing responses, etc.

Co2 has a strong stimulating effect on breathing and is the most important physiological stimulus to maintain normal breathing.

The concentration of H+ in arterial blood increases, which deepens breathing and accelerates pulmonary ventilation.

Low O2 has a direct inhibitory effect on the respiratory center

Myocardial working cells, like skeletal muscle cells, also have the ability to be excited by stimuli, that is, excitability. They must first receive their own signal, which first manifests as an action potential on the cell membrane, and then a mechanical contraction, but the action of the cardiac muscle cells Compared with skeletal muscle cells, electric potential is much more complex in waveform and formation mechanism.

The characteristic that cardiomyocytes can automatically produce rhythmic excitation without external stimulation is called automatic rhythmicity. Usually, the sinoatrial node has the highest automatic rhythm and is the autonomic tissue that dominates the excitement of the entire heart, so it is called the normal pacemaker of the heart.

Cardiomyocytes have the ability to conduct excitation

Synchronous contraction

No tetanic contraction occurs

Premature contractions and compensatory intervals

isovolumetric contraction phase

ejection phase

isovolumetric diastole

ventricular filling phase

The number of times the heart beats per minute

Stroke volume: the amount of blood ejected from one ventricle in one heart beat

Ejection fraction: The ventricle does not eject all the filled blood each time it ejects. The stroke volume accounts for the percentage of the ventricular end-diastolic filling volume.

Minute output: the amount of blood output by one ventricle per minute

Cardiac index: The cardiac output of the human body at rest is directly proportional to the body surface area, and the cardiac output is calculated per square meter of body surface area.

Cardiac output can increase with the needs of the body's metabolic level, which is called cardiac pump function reserve

HRmax＝220－Age

systolic reserve

diastolic reserve

refers to the load endured by a muscle before it contracts

refers to the load encountered when a muscle begins to contract

It refers to an intrinsic characteristic of the myocardium that changes its mechanical properties independently of preload and postload. This has nothing to do with the initial length of the myocardium, but a mechanism to adjust stroke volume by changing the contractility of the myocardium. It is also called isometric adjustment.

Staircase phenomenon: an increase in heart rate leading to an increase in myocardial contractility

Optimal heart rate range: The heart rate range that keeps cardiac output at a high level

Stroke Peak: Exercise physiology defines the heart rate level at which stroke volume reaches its peak.

①Classification of blood vessels according to tissue structure: arteries, capillaries, veins

②Classification of blood vessels according to their functions: elastic organ blood vessels, distribution blood vessels, and resistance blood vessels

③Exchange blood vessels

④Short-circuit blood vessels

⑤Capacity blood vessels

Synthesizes and releases various vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances. The two restrict each other and maintain dynamic balance.

Synthesize and secrete renin and angiotensin to regulate local blood vessel tone and blood flow

Secretes a variety of vasoactive substances to regulate structural changes and systolic function of blood vessels

Meaning: refers to the lateral pressure of the blood in the blood vessel on the blood wall per unit area

arterial blood pressure conditions

Factors affecting arterial blood pressure

Periodic pulsation of arteries caused by the contraction of the heart

The blood pressure in the right atrium and the large veins in the chest is usually called central venous pressure, and the blood pressure in the veins of various organs is called peripheral venous pressure.

Meaning: The amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins determines the filling volume at the end of diastole and directly affects the stroke volume of the heart.

①Mean systemic filling pressure

②Myocardial contraction force

③Change in body position

④The squeezing effect of skeletal muscles

⑤ Breathing exercise

arterioles

posterior arteriole

precapillary sphincter

True capillaries

blood capillaries

venules

The most obvious change is that the heart rate increases. As the heart rate increases significantly during exercise, the contraction force of the myocardium also increases significantly.

Cardiac output will increase significantly during exercise, but the increase is not distributed proportionally among each organ. Instead, the blood flow of each organ is redistributed according to collective needs through the body's regulatory mechanism. During exercise, The results of blood flow redistribution are as follows: blood flow in the heart and exercise muscles increases significantly, up to close to 90% of the total blood flow; blood flow in internal organs, brain, kidneys and other organs significantly decreases; skin blood flow decreases in the early stages of exercise, and subsequently increases. As muscle heat production increases, skin blood vessels dilate and blood flow increases.

Mean arterial pressure increases during exercise, but systolic and diastolic blood pressure do not increase to the same extent

Cardiac hypertrophy caused by long-term exercise or training, with the main signs of cardiac chamber enlargement and new wall thickening, is called exercise cardiac hypertrophy.

At the same time as exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy, the mitochondria, oxidases, capillaries, sarcoplasmic reticulum, special secretory granules of cardiomyocytes and the fine structures of innervation in myocardial cells will all undergo adaptive changes, that is, cardiac remodeling occurs.

Long-term exercise training can significantly reduce the resting heart rate. This phenomenon in which the resting heart rate is significantly lower than the normal value due to exercise or training is called exercise bradycardia.

In a resting state: there is no difference in cardiac output from ordinary people, but ordinary people have a fast heart rate and a small stroke volume, while athletes have a bradycardia and a large stroke volume.

During quantitative load exercise: the amplitude of the trained heart rate is small, the amplitude of the stroke volume increases, and the amplitude of the cardiac output is smaller than that of ordinary people, showing the phenomenon of economy in the heart pump function.

When completing extreme load exercise: the athlete's heart pump function shows a higher functional reserve

General physiological characteristics of digestive tract smooth muscle

functions of digestive glands

innervation of digestive tract

digestive tract

Digestion in the stomach

Digestion in the small intestine

movements of the large intestine

Mouth and esophagus

Stomach

small intestine

the large intestine

passive transport

active transport

Inbound and outbound transport

The small intestine is about 4-5m, which is conducive to full digestion and absorption of food.

The small intestine has a huge absorptive area

Rich in capillaries and lymphatic vessels

H2O, inorganic salts and vitamins

Monosaccharides after the breakdown of carbohydrates

Amino acids after digestion and breakdown of protein

The products of fat digestion combine with bile salts to form water-soluble complexes

Natural proteins or intermediates of protein breakdown

During strenuous exercise, the body’s digestive capacity is reduced

Moderate or low-intensity exercise has a good promotion effect on gastrointestinal function

kidney

respiratory organs

skin

digestive tract

The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

Rich blood supply

There are two sets of capillaries

membrane permeability

filter area

Effective filtration pressure

renal blood flow

When the filtrate flows into the renal tubules and collecting ducts, all or part of the H2O and certain solutes pass through the epithelial cells and return to the capillary blood around the renal tubules and collecting ducts.

Secretion: the process by which the renal tubules and collecting ducts secrete their own products into the tubular fluid

Excretion: the process by which certain substances in the blood in the renal tubule and collecting duct lumen are excreted into the tubular fluid

Causes

Features

reason

age and gender

hormone

Sports Training

isotonic strength

isometric strength

isokinetic strength

Isometric muscular endurance

Isotonic muscular endurance

isokinetic muscular endurance

Muscle tension and contraction speed

Muscle explosive power

overload principle

specialization principle

Sequence of strength training

Strength training intervals

Core strength should be prioritized

Isometric exercise: refers to a strength training method in which the length of the muscle remains unchanged when contracting against resistance, also known as static training method

Isotonic exercise: refers to a strength exercise method in which muscles alternately shorten and relax when contracting.

Isokinetic exercises

Super isometric exercise: refers to strength training in which muscles perform concentric contraction immediately after eccentric contraction. It is a training method that combines eccentric contraction and concentric contraction.

Meaning: refers to the speed of the human body's reaction to various stimuli. The speed of reaction mainly depends on the length of the reaction, the functional state of the nervous system, the degree of consolidation of motor conditioned reflexes, etc.

during reaction

Functional status of the central nervous system

The degree of consolidation of motor conditioned reflexes

Meaning: refers to the length of time required to complete a single action and the speed of the action. It is mainly determined by factors such as muscle fiber type, muscle strength, functional status of nerve and muscle tissue, and the degree of consolidation of exercise conditioned reflexes.

muscle fiber type

muscle power

Functional status of nerve and muscle tissue

The degree of consolidation of motor conditioned reflexes

Meaning: Refers to the distance that the human body travels per unit time during periodic motion, or the time required to pass a certain distance. The human body's rapid displacement ability depends on the frequency and amplitude of limb movement, and is related to muscle strength, coordination, and limb length. and factors such as energy supply efficiency

Cadence

step length

Energy supply efficiency

It refers to training when the body's blood lactic acid level reaches its highest level during exercise. Using interval training to perform multiple compound exercises in succession can gradually increase the blood lactic acid level and reach the highest level, which can better stimulate the body's ability to buffer lactic acid and Tolerance to high concentrations of lactic acid

It refers to training in which the body can still maintain high-intensity exercise ability when the body is at a high lactic acid level.

It refers to the training carried out by the body in an environment with lower than normal oxygen partial pressure.

oxygen demand

VO2max and VO2max

Factors affecting maximal oxygen uptake

Oxygen deficiency

Excess oxygen consumption after exercise

It refers to the turning point where the human body switches from aerobic metabolism to aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism during exercise with increasing load. According to different measurement methods, the anaerobic valve can be divided into lactic acid anaerobic valve and ventilation anaerobic valve. Oxygen valve, both have basically the same meaning

position sense organ

proprioceptor

visual organ

functional status

① Eyes-open dynamic balance test

②Static balance test with eyes open and closed

③Golden Rooster Independent Test

④Handstand test

⑤Balance instrument test

vestibular function training

Proprioceptive function training

Visual organ function training

①Functional state of cerebral cortex

②Functional status of sensory organs and effector organs

③Mastery of motor skills

Traditional testing methods

Sensitive measuring instrument

①Speciality in sports

② Combine strength and explosive training

③Special reaction training

④Avoid agility training when you are tired

① Structural characteristics of joints

②Stretchability of soft tissues around joints

③Volume of tissues around joints

④Coordination function of the central nervous system and muscle strength

Simple measurement method

precise measurement method

Stretch exercises

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercises

①Based on the joint structure: During flexibility exercises, the range allowed by the joint anatomy should not be exceeded to avoid joint damage.

② Combine with preparatory activities: Flexibility exercises should be combined with English preparatory activities. Preparatory activities can increase body temperature, reduce muscle viscosity, and improve muscle stretchability.

③Reasonable development of flexibility: According to the requirements of special skills, the development of flexibility is not bigger, the better, as long as it meets the requirements of the special skills and can successfully complete the movements.

④ Strengthen flexibility training in children and adolescents: Children and adolescents are the best period to develop flexibility. The older you are, the worse your flexibility is.

①Coordination of the nervous system

②Coordination of skeletal muscles

③Coordination of sensory perception

Since coordination involves the comprehensive functional performance of multiple systems and organs of the human body, there is currently no ideal method to evaluate coordination.

Commonly used training methods include hip-waist circles, wave rises, jumping leg swings, step steps and high leg raises, jumping leg circles, jumping relaxation, running and jumping steps to shake the hips, side-by-side turns, etc.

core stability

The division of muscles in the core area

Neuromuscular coordinated control

Characterized by core stability training, with the purpose of developing professional strength to complete technical movements in competitions, it targets strength, stability, balance and other ability training in the core area of ​​the body, including core stability training and core specialized strength training.

Effects of vibration on the body

neuromuscular recruitment

Generally speaking, the frequency of each group of exercises is 30 to 40 hz, the amplitude is 2 to 4 mm, and the time is 30 seconds. The order of changing difficulty is: duration, number of groups, ratio of exercise time to rest time, action, frequency, amplitude and bear weight

Respiratory muscles and exercise capacity

Trainability of respiratory muscles

Specialized training of respiratory muscles for a certain period of time every day can significantly improve lactate threshold power

Improve blood oxygen transport capacity

Improve the ability of red blood cells to release oxygen

Improve cardiopulmonary function

Improve skeletal muscle metabolic capacity

Classification

method

Increased excitability of the nervous system, enhanced activity of internal organs, etc.

It can be explained by the theory of conditioned reflexes. The process is that scene information related to competition and training constantly stimulates athletes, and is combined with physiological changes during muscle activity. Over time, this information becomes conditioned stimulation. As long as the relevant information appears , the physiological changes before the game are expressed in the form of conditioned reflexes

Good pre-match form

Bad pre-match form

Ways to Overcome Online Adverse Reactions

①Adjust the excitement level of the central nervous system

②Enhance the function of oxygen transport system

③Height and body temperature

④Reduce muscle viscosity

⑤Enhance skin blood flow

⑥Trace effect

content and form

time

strength

Time interval between formal training or competition

Performance

The main cause of physiological inertia of internal organs

Main factors affecting entering work status

Extreme points and their causes

The second breath and its causes

Factors Affecting the Pole and the Second Breath

true stable state

false steady state

①Exhaustion hypothesis

②Blocking hypothesis

③Mutation hypothesis

④Hypothesis of internal environment stability imbalance

⑤Free radical hypothesis

①Protective inhibition hypothesis

②Motor circuit dysregulation hypothesis

①When reacting

②Skin space threshold

③Flash fusion frequency

①Electrocardiogram

②Electromyography

③Electroencephalogram

①Grade of subjective exertion feeling

②Specific measurement method

①Judge the degree of fatigue based on muscle hardness

②Judge exercise fatigue by measuring ventilator endurance, muscle strength before and after exercise, and lower limb muscle dimensions

Recovery during exercise: In the first stage, exercise causes the body’s energy consumption to exceed its synthesis.

Recovery after exercise: In the second stage, consumption decreases after exercise stops and recovery is dominant.

Excess recovery: the third stage, the energy substances consumed during exercise return to the original level after exercise, or even exceed the original level, and return to the original level after a period of time

Restoration of phosphagen

Restoration of muscle glycogen stores

Oxymyoglobin recovery

Elimination of lactic acid

Cleaning up activities: refers to some physical exercises done after formal practice. Through finishing activities, it helps to eliminate fatigue and increase muscle blood flow.

Nutritional means: Nutritional supplement is the material basis for recovery. The total intake of the three major nutrients, protein, fat, and sugar, should be based on meeting the body’s metabolic needs.

Physical means: Use medical physical means such as massage, physiotherapy, oxygen inhalation and acupuncture

Effect on cardiopulmonary function

Effects on several major physical qualities

① Well-trained people have more losses after detraining than untrained people.

② After withdrawal from training, the decline in cardiorespiratory endurance is much greater than the decline in muscle endurance, strength and power.

③In order to maintain cardiorespiratory endurance, you should train at least three times a week, and the intensity of each training session should be at least 70% of the original normal training intensity.

④ Detraining can also lead to muscle atrophy, accompanied by a decrease in muscle strength and power.

①Training load: Reduce training load

②Training time: Training time is mainly determined based on the sports event, sports environment and the needs of the athletes.

Typical VO2 max sports using this training method include track and field, swimming, cycling, sailing, and triathlon.

Establish temporary neural connections between relevant centers

① Multiple centers are involved, and reflex activities are complex

②Reflective activities are chained

③Proprioceptor impulse plays an important role

The novel stimulation caused by new movement practice causes the excitation and inhibition processes of the relevant centers in the cerebral cortex to spread, leading to generalization.

Movements are stiff and uncoordinated, there are many redundant and incorrect movements, and movements are incoherent and rhythmic.

①Use more intuitive teaching

②Use methods such as decomposition teaching to appropriately reduce the difficulty of movements

When learners practice the learned actions repeatedly, the nervous and inhibitory processes of the relevant centers in the cerebral cortex become increasingly differentiated and perfected, the inhibitory processes are strengthened, and the conditioned reflex activities move from generalization to differentiation.

Muscles that should not be contracted will be relaxed, redundant movements will be gradually eliminated, wrong movements will be corrected, technical movements can be completed smoothly and coherently, and dynamic shaping will be initially formed.

① Deepen the understanding of the inner laws of movements and establish the concept of complete movements

② Strengthen correct actions and correct wrong actions in a timely manner

③Increase the difficulty of movements and establish more refined differentiation inhibition

After the differentiation stage, learners practice further and repeatedly, and their motor skills become increasingly consolidated and perfected. The nerves and will of the relevant centers of the cerebral cortex become more precise and concentrated in time and space.

The movements are more accurate, coordinated and graceful, and some aspects of the movements are automated.

① Put forward further requirements for students and continuously improve the quality of movements

②Check the quality of movements frequently to prevent movement deformation

③Continue to practice and consolidate for a long time

positive migration

negative transfer

① Sort out and analyze different types of skills

② Arrange the teaching sequence reasonably

③The impact of the number and proficiency of motor skills mastered on the transfer effect

① Vision and proprioception: You can use vision to maintain balance and adjust muscle strength, thereby strengthening correct movements.

② Hearing and proprioception: Helps establish the force time and rhythm of correct movements

③Taste and proprioception: Utilizing positional functions and establishing connections with proprioception can promote the formation of motor skills

④ Skin sensation and proprioception: Playing on the interaction between skin sensation and proprioception helps to establish correct motor skills.

effect

application

① Reasonably arrange physical education teaching based on the limitations of attention ability

② Cultivate students’ ability to control attention

③Adjust the excitement state of cerebral cortex

Include

Things to note

Include

Things to note

feature

Things to note

Early childhood: before 10-12 years old

Adolescence: 10 to 12 years old to about 18 years old

Sexual maturity: begins around 18 years old and lasts for 30 years

Menopause: 44-54 years old

Old age: after 60 years old

Aerobic capacity: slightly lower than men

Anaerobic capacity: lower than men

Muscle strength: average about 2/3 of men

Flexibility: Better than men

① Menstrual cycle and exercise capacity: luteal phase > follicular phase, ovulation period > the first few days of the menstrual period and the middle of the menstrual period

②The impact of exercise on the menstrual cycle

① In the first three months after pregnancy, long-term strenuous exercise should be avoided

② In the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, you can engage in low-intensity physical activity for no less than 30 minutes every day.

Proper exercise can promote hormone secretion and calcium absorption

Fat weight

lean body mass

Expressed as body fat percentage or lean body mass, body mass percentage = body fat weight/body weight × 100%

The body fat percentage is within a reasonable range, and the proportion of body mass and lean body mass is appropriate.

Genetic factors: About 80% of children of obese parents are obese

Physiological factors: The nerve center has a weight setting point

Metabolic factors: rely more on sugar oxidation for energy rather than fat oxidation

Environmental and behavioral factors, poor lifestyle

Obesity degree: Obesity degree (%) = [actual weight (kg)/standard weight (kg)-1] × 100%

Body mass index (BMI): BMI = weight (kg)/height (m2)

Waist-to-hip ratio WHR: If the waist-to-hip ratio is greater than or equal to 1.0 for men and greater than or equal to 0.85 for women, you must lose weight.

Principle: Thermal energy balance

Method: Arrange the amount of food and physical activity according to living within your means and living within your means.

Principle: Energy expenditure is greater than energy intake

Methods: ① Control diet ② Exercise

Principle: Make the body's caloric intake greater than its exercise energy expenditure, so that the body's protein metabolism is in a positive nitrogen balance

method

Endurance exercise burns fat

Moderate exercise reduces appetite

Increase basal metabolic rate

Inhibit lipogenesis

It is a systematic and personalized exercise plan that determines the purpose of exercise, exercise form, exercise intensity, exercise time, exercise frequency and precautions in the form of a prescription based on the age, gender, health status and physical fitness level of the participants.

Fitness exercise prescription

Competitive sports prescription

Rehabilitation exercise prescription

①Promote growth and development and improve physical fitness

②Enhance physical fitness, improve body adaptability, and delay aging

③Prevent and treat certain diseases, maintain health or restore certain functions

④Enrich life, regulate psychology, and improve quality of life

⑤ Master sports skills and methods to improve competitive level

Meaning: refers to the specialized types of exercise or practice methods used based on the purpose of individual exercise prescriptions.

Category: ① Aerobic endurance sports ② Stretching exercises ③ Strength sports

aerobic exercise intensity

Strength exercise intensity

Stretching exercise intensity

Exercise duration

Arrangement of exercise time throughout the day

Exercise 3 to 4 times a week, which is the optimal exercise frequency. The interval between two exercises should not exceed three days.

①Varies from person to person

②Effectiveness

③Safety

④Comprehensiveness

① General survey and filling out PAR-Q questionnaire

②Clinical health examination

③Physical fitness test

④Exercise test

⑤ Formulate exercise prescription

Preparation Phase

Movement phase

finishing stage

Heart rate measurement

blood pressure

weight

subjective feeling of exertion

Body temperature: Clinically, rectal temperature (37.3 to 37.5 degrees Celsius, closest to body temperature), oral temperature (about 0.4 degrees Celsius lower than rectal temperature), axillary temperature (0.3 degrees Celsius lower than oral temperature)

Human body temperature characteristics

① Metabolic heat production

② Internal organs produce heat

③Exercise produces heat

④ Chills and heat production

⑤Thyroxine and catecholamine hormones produce heat

①Radiation

②Conduction

③Convection

④Evaporation

Autonomous thermoregulation: refers to the body's body temperature being maintained at a relatively stable level by increasing or decreasing blood flow to the skin, sweating, chilling and other physical reactions under the control of the hypothalamus thermoregulatory center.

Behavioral thermoregulation: refers to the related behaviors of the body when it is in different temperature environments, especially the measures taken by people to keep warm or cool down, such as adding or removing clothes, etc.

Effect of temperature on exercise

Effects of dryness, humidity and fluidity of air on exercise

Caused by short-term exposure to low and low temperatures or long-term exposure to low temperatures below freezing point

Often occurs in peripheral parts such as hands, feet, and earlobes

Localized frostbite is most common in exposed peripheral locations, such as hands, feet, auricles, nose tips, heels, etc. After payment, it can be clinically divided into four degrees based on the degree of injury and manifestations.

① Quickly remove the wounded from the low temperature environment

②Quick rewarming

① Improve skin’s adaptability to cold

②Keep warm

It refers to the phenomenon that after a certain period of exercise under low temperature conditions, the human body will increase its tolerance to low temperature and reduce its physiological response to low temperature. It is medically called low temperature acclimation or cold acclimation.

① Metabolic adaptation: The human body increases heat production by controlling the basal metabolic rate

②Adiabatic adaptation: long-term exposure to cold environment causes constriction of blood vessels on the body surface and increase in subcutaneous fat

③ Habitual hibernation type adaptation: The body continues to increase heat production in a cold environment for a long time and becomes accustomed to low temperatures.

It refers to the loss of body fluids, mostly accompanied by the loss of electrolytes, especially the loss of sodium ions. The clinical manifestation is a decrease in the amount of extracellular fluid.

It refers to skeletal muscle pain and spasm caused by the loss of minerals in the body and dehydration accompanied by heavy sweating when exercising in a hot environment for a long time.

It refers to blood circulation failure that occurs when working or exercising for a long time in a high-temperature environment.

It refers to the disorder of human body temperature regulation caused by high temperature, excessive accumulation of heat in the body, resulting in damage to nerve cells.

①Quickly cool down

②Replenish body fluids in time

①Avoid high temperature

②Use salty drinks to continuously replenish water and electrolytes

① Sweating

②The heart rate decreases and the stroke volume gradually increases

③Reduced fast and superficial breathing patterns

④Reduce oxygen consumption

Changes in respiratory rate are limited

Lying down can reduce energy consumption of blood circulation

The lower the water temperature, the more energy is consumed

Water buoyancy, etc. increase the difficulty of motor skills

① Short-term adaptation: changes in acid-base balance and hemoglobin improve the regulation of pulmonary ventilation and oxygen binding ability

②Long-term adaptation: improvement of oxygen transport capacity, cell metabolism efficiency, and vascular distribution in muscles

Domestic pollution sources

industrial pollution sources

Traffic pollution sources

Agricultural pollution sources

particulate pollutants

gaseous pollutants

secondary pollutants

In the living body, various functional activities often appear repeatedly in a certain time sequence, showing rhythmic changes.

high frequency rhythm

medium frequency rhythm

low frequency rhythm

biological rhythm

Biological rhythm is a rhythm that is synchronized with the environment due to changes in the biological environment.

①Pacemaker meaning: refers to the biological rhythm center that controls periodic changes in biological functions

②Key pacemaker: the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

③Secondary biological rhythm pacemaker: present in the ventral median nucleus and lateral hypothalamus region of the hypothalamus

④Others: The pineal gland of animals may also be a biological rhythm pacemaker

It is the ability of biological organisms to make early adaptations to changes in the external environment.

Make all physiological functions and body activities proceed in an orderly and rhythmic manner

Circadian rhythms of local muscle strength and neuromuscular coordination are synchronized with body temperature rhythms

When certain external environments undergo acute changes, they can cause temporary biological rhythm imbalance in the body.

Differences in location and time difference will interfere with the original biological rhythms of athletes and reduce their athletic ability.

It refers to the process of changing time and environmental information to cause corresponding changes in the original biological rhythm characteristics of the body.

According to the changing characteristics of the body's time structure, a series of chronobiological measures are taken in a targeted manner to proactively overcome jet lag and accelerate the process of adaptation.

Meaning: refers to the time difference adjustment in the country before departure

Adjustment method: semi-closed, fully open

Factors Affecting Preadaptive Adjustment

meaning

Main features

Things to pay attention to