cognitive process

emotion affective process

volitional process

psychological tendency

psychological characteristics

Help people better adapt to group life and participate in social activities

The relationship with individual psychology is personality and commonality

Like individuals, they have needs, values, will, etc.

Subjective idealism psychological view

Objective idealistic psychological view

Mind arises from matter

Mind arises from body

Mind arises from specific organs of the body

The history of species development proves that psychological phenomena arise with the emergence of the nervous system and develop with the development of the nervous system

Modern scientific research shows that psychology is a function of the brain

The process of ontogeny shows that human psychology develops with the development of the brain

Concepts of reflection, reflex arc and reflection ring

Type of reflection

Two signaling systems

Objective reality is the content and source of human psychological activities

Psychology is the subjective and active reflection of the human brain on objective reality

Human psychology occurs and develops in practical activities

The influence of modern philosophical trends—rationalism and empiricism, the theoretical basis of modern Western psychology

The influence of experimental physiology—the source of experimental methods in modern psychology

Influence of Biology—Evolutionary Perspectives Become an Important Topic in Scientific Psychology

In 1879, German psychologist Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany, which became an independent discipline.

Structural psychology school, the founder is Wundt, Titchener is the representative figure

The school of functional psychology was founded by James of the United States and represented by Dewey and Angel.

Behavioral Psychology School, Watson

Gestalt psychology school, founders Wertheimer and Koffka

School of psychoanalysis, founded by Freud

Research questions: Localization of brain function, psychoimmunology (relationship of thoughts and emotions to physical health), role of genetics in behavior

Research: programmed learning, behavioral therapy (learning theory applied to psychological disorders), biofeedback

Research: Psychoanalysis applied to personality and motivation, emphasizing the importance of consciousness and self

Research: Cognitive processes, cognitive neuroscience (brain mechanisms, the relationship between cognition and nervous system activity, brain development and the development of cognitive functions

Research: Personality

Respect objective facts and do not rely on subjective assumptions to affirm or deny certain conclusions.

Adhere to the perspective of development and conduct dynamic research on changes in psychological activities

Adhere to a systematic and holistic perspective: unify factor analysis, correlation analysis, and integrated research; vertical research and horizontal unification; combine structural research and functional research

Observe professional ethics, respect subjects, and care for subjects

A method of systematically observing and recording the behavior of the observed in natural situations or pre-set situations and then analyzing it to obtain the rules of the generation and development of psychological activities.

According to the research purpose, planned and strict control or creation of certain conditions, actively inducing or changing the psychological activities of subjects for analysis and research: laboratory experiment method and natural experiment method

Methods that require respondents to answer their thoughts or practices on a certain question to analyze and speculate on the psychological activities of subjects: questionnaire method, scale method, interview method and related methods

A method of conducting systematic research on one or several research objects over a long period of time

A method of analyzing and studying subjects’ various activities, such as paintings, diaries, compositions or other works, to understand the level, characteristics and personality psychological characteristics of their psychological activities.

Structurally divided into soma and neurite

Input area, integration area, impulse conduction area, output area

Classification according to the morphology of neurons: unipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, multipolar neurons

Classification according to the function of neurons: sensory neurons, motor neurons, communication neurons

Classification based on the length of neuronal axons: Golgi type I cells and Golgi type II cells

Classification based on the transmitter released by neurons: cholinergic neurons, noradrenergic neurons, dopaminergic neurons, serotonergic neurons, GABAergic neurons

Composed of the axons or dendrites of neurons, myelin sheaths, and neural membranes; functional and influencing effects

According to the differences in conduction velocity and back potential, the peripheral nerve fibers of mammals are divided into three categories: A, B, and C.

Material transport and exchange must occur frequently between the axon and the cell body: fast axoplasmic transport and slow axoplasmic transport

Can have the ability to classify and multiply for life

Glial cells in the central nervous system

Glial cells in the nervous system

membrane potential

Depolarization and repolarization

connections between glial cells

support role

insulation

barrier effect

nutritional effect

repair and regeneration

Maintain the K balance of neuronal Zhouwei

community neurotransmitter

When a cell is stimulated, the potential difference that exists between the inside and outside of the cell membrane

When a cell is stimulated, a brief, expanding potential change occurs based on the resting potential.

Synapse structure: The site where two neurons or neurons and effector cells contact each other and transmit information.

Types of synapses: axon-dendrite synapse, axon-cell body synapse, axon-axon synapse.

transmission of information between synapses

Synaptic delay: presents a certain time delay

Transmission at electrical synapses: bidirectional transmission

It consists of five parts: receptors, afferent nerves, central part of the nervous system, efferent nerves and effectors.

spinal cord, brain

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nerves

There are 12 pairs of peripheral nerves directly connected to the brain; they are divided into three categories: sensory, motor, and mixed.

It originates from the spinal cord and exits through the intercone foramen. There are 31 pairs in total.

Involuntary nerves are the nerves that innervate the smooth muscles, myocardium and glands of internal organs, including sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves

It is the pathway between peripheral nerves and the brain, and is the low-level center for many simple reflex activities.

Function: flexor reflex and contralateral extensor reflex, stretch reflex

Brainstem: A smaller part located between the spinal cord and diencephalon, located below the brain. The medulla oblongata of the brainstem is connected to the spinal cord and forms an irregular columnar shape. The brainstem consists of three parts: the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

Diencephalon: Developed from the forebrain, it is located between the brainstem and the cerebrum. Its volume is less than 2% of the central nervous system, but its structure and function are very complex, ranking second to the cerebral cortex. 5 parts: dorsal thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, posterior thalamus and subthalamus.

Cerebellum: Located behind the cerebral hemispheres, covering the pons and medulla oblongata, spanning between the midbrain and medulla oblongata. The second largest structure after the brain. Main functions: Influence the initiation, planning and coordination of movement, including determining the force, direction and range of movement.

Limbic system: The inner surface of the cerebral hemisphere, the connection between the brainstem and the corpus callosum. It is composed of the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The function of the limbic system is relatively complex and related to visceral activity, emotional response, and memory function.

Brain: Also known as the telencephalon, it is the main part of the advanced nervous system of vertebrates, consisting of the left and right hemispheres. It is an advanced nervous system that controls movement, generates sensations and realizes advanced brain functions.

Body sensory area: The highest level center is mainly located in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.

Visual area: Located in the occipital lobe behind the parieto-occipital fissure, it receives nerve impulses input from the eyes under the action of light stimulation and produces primary forms of vision.

Auditory area: Located in the transverse temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe, it receives nerve impulses from the ears under sound stimulation and produces primary forms of hearing.

The motor areas of the cerebral cortex are closely related to body movements. Stimulating these areas can cause the contraction of certain muscles on the opposite side. Located in the anterior central gyrus.

Speech motor center (Broca's center): located behind and below the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere, near the Sylvian fissure. Speech defect called expressive aphasia (motor aphasia)

Speech and hearing center (Wernicke's center): located above the temporal lobe, close to the occipital lobe. Aphasia caused by damage becomes receptive aphasia.

The first basic skill association area is located in the brainstem reticular structure, diencephalon, and inner part of the cerebral cortex, and is formed in the form of a non-specific neural network.

The second basic functional association area is located in the back part of the two hemispheres, including the visual area (occipital lobe), auditory area (temporal lobe) and general sensory area (parietal lobe), as well as the corresponding subcortical tissue, composed of cortical and subcortical neurons. .

The third basic functional association area is located in the front of the cerebral hemisphere and in front of the central sulcus. It works hierarchically according to the same principle as the second association area. The difference is that contrary to the second association area, nerve impulses are transferred by the third-level cortical area. Go to the second-level cortex, and then upload it to the first-level cortex area.

Broca's Brain Area Study: Research on aphasia leads to understanding of left and right brains

Split-brain study: The main connection between the two hemispheres of the brain (the corpus callosum). Research on the two hemispheres of split-brained people shows that things experienced, learned, and remembered in one separate hemisphere cannot be transferred to the other hemisphere. Each hemisphere has its own consciousness, thoughts, and concepts, and its own experiences and memories cannot be recalled by the other hemisphere.

The left hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere for language and is mainly responsible for speech, reading, writing, mathematical operations and logical reasoning.

The dominant function of the right hemisphere is in image thinking and perception. It has extraordinary perception of music, art, dance, etc., and has strong spatial imagination.

electrical stimulation research method

French Pierre believed that intelligence is the function of the whole brain

Luria believes that the brain is a dynamic functional system. When individual environments are damaged, higher-level psychological functions are affected. Human psychology and behavior are the result of the interaction and coordinated activities of three functional systems. There is a power system; an information receiving, processing and storage system; and a behavioral regulation system.

It is believed that the human brain is composed of highly specialized and relatively independent modules in terms of function and structure. The complex and ingenious combination of these modules is the basis for realizing complex and sophisticated cognitive functions.

It refers to the realization of attention that has no predetermined purpose and does not require volitional effort. It is a passive attention and a primary form of attention.

Reason: Characteristics of the stimulus and the state of the attentive person

Intentional attention refers to attention that has a predetermined purpose and requires a certain amount of will effort.

Conditions and methods for attracting and maintaining intentional attention

Refers to something that has a predetermined purpose in advance and does not require the attention of willpower.

It has certain characteristics of both unintentional and intentional attention.

Refers to individuals paying attention to limited information at the same time and ignoring other information.

It means that our consciousness is not only directed to a certain stimulus, but also focused on a certain stimulus.

Refers to the individual's ability to pay attention to several different tasks or to perform several tasks at the same time

Proficiency and automation of concentrated activities performed simultaneously

Simultaneous concentrated activities are intrinsically linked

related to the nature of several activities being carried out simultaneously

The representative British psychologist Broadbent believes that the nervous system is limited in its capacity to process information, and it is impossible to process all sensory stimuli. When information enters the nervous system through various sensory channels, it must first After a filtering mechanism, only part of the information can be received for further processing through this mechanism, and other information is blocked.

Filters work in an "all-or-none" manner, passing information through one channel while closing other channels.

Challenge: Unable to explain phenomena such as human information processing and allocated attention to meaningful materials

American psychologist Treisman proposed that the overall body's processing capacity is limited and that there is some kind of filter in the information processing system.

The filter works in an attenuating manner and assumes that many channels can process information to varying degrees.

Filters include peripheral filters (differential selection) and central filters

Contributed by Morton Deutsch and revised by Norman. It is believed that all selective attention occurs in the late stage of information processing, and the filter is located between perception and working memory.

All information in the early stage is not selective. Some information is noticed and other information is not. This is a response choice based on the importance of the information.

The modified model assumes that information reaches long-term memory and activates items in it, and then is processed by working memory, emphasizing central control processes.

It can explain the phenomenon of attention allocation well, but it cannot explain the phenomenon of early selection well.

Johnston proposed a more flexible model, believing that the selection process may occur at different processing stages.

Hypothesis 1. The more processing stages there are before making a choice, the more cognitive processing resources are required.

Assumption 2. The stage at which selection occurs depends on the needs of the current task

Presented by Daniel Kahneman. It is believed that human cognitive resources are limited. When the recognition of stimuli is completely occupied, the row of stimuli will not be processed. But people can flexibly adjust the allocation of cognitive resources and transfer limited resources to important stimuli.

Theoretical hypothesis: The input stimulus itself does not automatically occupy resources, but the cognitive system has a mechanism responsible for allocating important resources.

Cognitive resource theory emphasizes our control of attention. This theory can reasonably explain some phenomena seen in daily life

Schefflin proposed based on the theory of limited resources of attention, which believed that there are two types of human cognitive processing: automatic processing and processing controlled by consciousness.

Automated processing is not limited by cognitive resources, does not require attention, and is performed automatically. Processing controlled by consciousness is limited by cognitive resources, requires attention, and can be continuously adjusted as the environment changes.

The adaptive stimulus of vision is light, which is visible light that humans can see.

Refractive mechanism: The refractive system is composed of cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous body, and has light transmission and refraction functions.

Photoreceptor mechanism: The visual photoreceptor mechanism is the retina

Transmission mechanism: The visual transmission pathway has third-level neurons

Central mechanism: The direct projection area is the striate area of ​​the occipital lobe of the brain.

Feedback regulation mechanism: efferent innervation, feedback regulation of visual organs

Lightness and visual brightness: Brightness is the eye’s perception of the lightness and darkness of the light source and object surface, which is mainly determined by the intensity of the light; visual brightness refers to the sensory continuum from a white surface to a black surface.

Visual acuity: The ability of the visual system to distinguish the smallest objects or object details. It can generally be divided into minimum visible visual acuity, vernier acuity, and minimum interval acuity.

Color: Color is the visual experience caused by the action of light waves on the human eye. Color has three characteristics, namely chroma, lightness and saturation. The color vision experience obtained under the color mixing effect becomes color mixing

Color vision theory: A theory that explains color vision phenomena and their mechanisms. There are three colors theory and oppositional process theory

Color vision defects: color weakness and color blindness. Color weakness has poor color discrimination ability in the red and green areas of the spectrum; color blindness is divided into partial color blindness and total color blindness.

Visual afterimage: After the stimulus stops acting on the receptor, the feeling does not disappear immediately but remains for a short period of time. This phenomenon is called afterimage. Divided into two types: positive afterimage and negative afterimage.

Flash fusion: If intermittent stimulation reaches a certain frequency, the afterimage can cause these intermittent stimulations to cause continuous sensations. This phenomenon is called flash fusion. The minimum frequency that just causes a continuous sensation is called the critical flash fusion frequency

Auditory stimulation: The suitable stimulation for hearing is sound waves in a certain frequency range. Sound waves have three physical characteristics: frequency, amplitude and waveform.

The structure and function of the ear: The ear is the human hearing organ, which consists of three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear.

The conduction mechanism and central mechanism of hearing: The auditory conduction pathway is composed of third-level neurons

Three-tone phenomenon: When hearing occurs, there are three phenomena: pitch, sound and timbre.

Mixing of sounds: When sounds of different intensities and frequencies act on people's auditory organs, people will hear different sounds. Common ones include beat tones, differential tones and harmonic tones.

Masking of sounds: The phenomenon whereby a sound causes an upper limit on the hearing threshold due to interference from other sounds acting simultaneously. It is divided into three categories: pure tone masking pure tone, noise masking pure tone, and pure tone and noise masking speech.

Frequency theory: Lo Felder proposed that the basilar membrane of the inner ear vibrates at the same frequency as the stapes. This theory cannot explain people's analysis of sound frequencies.

Resonance theory: Helmholtz proposed that the transverse fibers of the basilar membrane are of different lengths, being narrower near the base of the cochlea and wider near the top of the cochlea. Research shows that this theory is insufficient and the transverse fiber length ratio is only 10:1

Traveling wave theory: Von Bexy proposed that when sound waves reach the ear, they will cause the entire basilar membrane to vibrate. This theory cannot explain the effect of sounds below 500 Hz on the basilar membrane.

Nerve salvo theory: Weaver believed that when the sound is lower than 400 Hz, the firing frequency of individual fibers of the auditory nerve corresponds to the frequency of the sound. Can only explain the hearing of sounds below 5000 Hz

The feeling caused by evenly distributed pressure on the skin, divided into two types: touch and pressure.

Two-point discrimination threshold: the minimum distance at which a person can distinguish two points on the skin. The skin part is different, and the two point thresholds are also different.

Thermosensory The skin's sensation of cold and warm stimulation. Divided into cold sense and warm sense

Pain is the sensation produced by stimuli that harm the organism. Pain perception has a protective effect on the organism.

Pain can be an external sensation or an internal sensation

The feeling produced when gas molecules of certain substances act on the nasal mucosa

The human sense of smell is affected by many factors and provides important information for our survival.

The sensation produced by a soluble substance acting on the taste buds

The appropriate stimulus to cause taste is a substance that is soluble in water or liquid. The receptors that receive taste stimulation are taste buds located on the surface of the tongue, the back of the pharynx and the palate.

The feeling that reflects the movement and position of various body parts is called kinesthetic sense

Receptors are located in the nerve endings of muscles, ligaments, joints, etc.

Kinesthetic sense is an important basis for voluntary movement. Kinesthetic sense often acts in conjunction with other senses.

The feeling caused by accelerating or decelerating linear motion or rotational motion

The receptors for balance sense are located in the vestibular organ of the inner ear, which includes the semicircular canals and the vestibule.

The sense of balance is related to vision and visceral sensation. With practice, the sensitivity of the vestibular organ can be changed.

Also called somatosensory, the feeling produced when the internal organs of the body are stimulated

The appropriate stimulation to cause visceral sensation is the activities and changes of the internal organs of the body. The characteristics of visceral sensation are imprecision and poor resolution.

The phenomenon of changes in susceptibility due to the continued effect of stimulation on receptors

Visual adaptation can be divided into dark adaptation and light adaptation; auditory adaptation is not very obvious; touch pressure and temperature adaptation are obvious; pain adaptation is difficult to occur; taste adaptation is relatively common.

Sensory contrast refers to the phenomenon that the same receptor receives different stimuli and causes changes in sensitivity.

Divided into simultaneous comparison and sequential comparison. Simultaneous contrast refers to the phenomenon that several stimuli act on the same receptor at the same time, causing the susceptibility to change; sequential contrast refers to the phenomenon that stimuli act on the same receptor one after another, causing the susceptibility to change.

The law is not yet clear, but the general trend is that weak stimulation of one receptor can increase the sensitivity of other receptors, while strong stimulation can decrease the sensitivity of other receptors.

Sensory compensation refers to the loss of function of a certain sensory system, which is compensated by the functions of other sensory systems.

The reason why various sensations can compensate each other is that the energy of various stimuli can be converted

When one sensory organ is stimulated, the sensations and representations of another sensory organ appear, which is called synesthesia

Color-auditory synesthesia, color-taste synesthesia, color-temperature synesthesia

Feeling and perception are different psychological processes. Feeling reflects individual attributes, and perception reflects the whole thing.

From the perspective of physiological mechanism, feeling is the result of the activity of a single analyzer, and perception is the result of the coordinated activity of multiple analyzers to analyze and synthesize complex stimuli or the relationships between stimuli.

Perception is not a simple sum of sensations, it is more complex than sensation

They are all reflections of things that directly act on our sensory organs. If things no longer directly act on our sensory organs, then our feeling and perception of things will also stop.

Feeling and perception are both primary forms of human understanding of the world, reflecting the external characteristics and external connections of things.

Perception is generated on the basis of feeling and occurs simultaneously with feeling. Without feeling, there would be no perception.

Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. Firstly, perception must organize sensory information; secondly, perception must also interpret sensory information.

Stimulus-driven processing means that the generation of perception is based on a large amount of sensory information and is directly caused by stimuli.

Concept-driven processing refers to the experience, expectation, and motivation of the perceiver, which guides the perceiver's information selection, integration, and representation during the perception process, and affects the process and results of perception to a certain extent.

Perception is an active process. The impression of perception does not always objectively reflect the thing itself, but is often subjective.

Spatial perception is people’s understanding of spatial characteristics such as the shape, size, distance and orientation of objects; spatial perception is the result of the coordinated activities of multiple analyzers

Shape perception refers to the overall perception of the outline and boundary of an object. Generally, shape perception is the result of the coordinated activities of vision, touch and kinesthetics.

Size perception is the brain's reflection of the quantitative changes in the length, volume, and area of ​​an object. It is completed with the participation of vision, touch and pressure sense and kinesthetic sense.

Depth perception, also known as distance perception and three-dimensional perception, is the human's perception of the concavity and convexity of objects, as well as the distance and distance. Depth perception depends on relevant cues. Generally speaking, such cues include monocular cues and binocular cues.

Orientation perception refers to the perception of the spatial relationship and position of objects and the spatial position of the organism itself. Orientation is the result of the coordinated activities of various senses

Time perception is people's perception of the continuity and sequence of objective things. Time perception has special characteristics. First, it is not caused by fixed stimuli. Second, there are no specialized sensory organs for time perception.

Four forms: confirmation of time, discrimination of time, estimation of duration, prediction of time

Periodic phenomena in nature, timing tools, physiological rhythmic information

The nature of sensory channels, the quantity and nature of time occurrences within a certain period of time, human interests and emotions

Motion perception is people's perception of changes in objects and the speed of change

Kinesthetic perception: the perception of the object’s true spatial displacement and moving speed

Kinesthetic perception: refers to the phenomenon of perceiving stationary objects as moving, or perceiving objects without continuous displacement as continuous motion under certain conditions. Mainly include dynamic movement, autonomous movement, induced movement, and movement aftereffects.

An illusion is a distorted perception of something under certain conditions

Geometric illusions (Müller-Leye illusion, also called arrow illusion; vertical-horizontal illusion; Jastrow illusion; Boggendorff illusion; Wundt illusion; Zoellner illusion; Oberson illusion; Einstein illusion ;Panzo illusion.

The illusion of weight, a pound of iron and a pound of cotton, the illusion that the visual shape affects the weight of the muscles

Illusion of orientation: errors in judgment of direction

Motion illusion, time illusion, etc.

Eye movement theory: It is believed that when we perceive geometric figures, our eyes always scan and move regularly along the contours or lines of the figure. Facts prove that the theory cannot be established

Neural inhibition theory: It is believed that when two contours are close to each other, the lateral inhibition process in the retina changes the activity of cells stimulated by the contours. Unexplainable Boggendorff illusion graphics

Perceptual selectivity means that when people perceive, they always regard a few things as the objects of perception and other things as the background of perception, so that they can perceive certain things more clearly.

The object of perception and the background transform into each other and are interdependent.

Perceptual integrity refers to the integration of multiple attributes and different parts of the perceptual object into a whole

Principle of proximity, principle of similarity, principle of continuity, principle of closure, principle of homology

Whole perception cannot be separated from partial perception

Partial perception depends on the overall perception of things

Whole perception may sometimes take precedence over partial perception

Comprehensibility of perception refers to explaining the object of perception based on one's past experience, naming or classifying it with words or concepts, and giving the object a certain meaning.

Knowledge experience, verbal guidance,

Perceptual constancy means that when the objective conditions of perception change within a certain range, the perceptual image does not change accordingly and remains stable.

Size constancy (previous experience, observer's observation posture, reference objects in the surrounding environment), shape constancy, lightness constancy (brightness constancy), color constancy

Brain localization theory, integration theory, SPI theory

Reflect circuit and synaptic structure

Ribonucleic acid (RNA), hormones

It refers to the memory that the information has been fully processed and maintained in the mind for a long time. Information in long-term memory is an organized knowledge system

Acquisition of long-term memory: Memorization is the main way to memorize acquired information for a long time. According to different standards, it can be divided into: unconscious memory and conscious memory, mechanical memory and meaningful memory.

The organization and processing of memorization materials: the organization and processing of representation and semantics; encoding with the characteristics of language as an intermediary; the organization and processing of semantic classification; subjective organization.

Features: Long-term memory storage capacity is huge, information can be retained for a long time, and information storage can change dynamically.

Forms of information retrieval from long-term memory: recognition; recall;

The theory of long-term memory information retrieval: one believes that information retrieval is to search for memory traces based on the meaning, system, etc. of the information, so that the traces can be activated and relevant items can be recalled; the other believes that memory is an active process, storing What comes together are some elements or components, while recall is the collection of past cognitive components into a complete thing

Factors affecting long-term memory retrieval: positive factors (reasonable organization of information is conducive to retrieval, storing information in the context of encoding is conducive to retrieval), negative factors (interference affects the retrieval of information, negative emotions hinder information extraction)

The concept of forgetting: refers to the inability to recognize and recall the contents of a demerit, or to recognize and recall it incorrectly

Types of forgetting: according to degree and nature: partial forgetting, complete forgetting; differences in forgetting time: temporary forgetting and permanent forgetting

The law of forgetting: German psychologist Ebbinghaus used the re-learning method to check the memorization effect and formed the classic forgetting curve. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve reveals that the law of forgetting is fast and then slow.

Factors affecting forgetting: nature and quantity of memorization materials; degree of learning; sequence position of memorization materials; attitude of memorizers

Causes of forgetting: Decline theory, interference theory, retrieval failure theory, repression theory

Overcoming forgetfulness: review in time, allocate review time reasonably, diversify review, and combine reading with recall

Action thinking: Operational thinking and specific action thinking are thinking with actual action as the pillar and are the initial form of thinking development.

Image thinking: Concrete image thinking is thinking based on the specific image and appearance of things.

Abstract thinking: Logical thinking is a form of thinking unique to humans. It is a thinking activity in the form of concepts, judgments and reasoning.

Convergent thinking: consensus thinking, concentrated thinking, convergent thinking, refers to thinking that aggregates various information provided by a problem to arrive at a correct answer or best solution in the same direction.

Divergent thinking: Divergent thinking, dispersed thinking, radiating thinking, refers to thinking that starts from one goal, thinks along various ways, and explores multiple answers.

Empirical thinking: thinking activities based on Nissan concepts

Theoretical thinking: the thinking process of judgment, reasoning and problem solving based on scientific concepts and theories

Intuitive thinking: Also known as intuition, it is a kind of non-logical thinking, which refers to thinking activities that directly and quickly understand things without going through the logical process of complicated and dedicated operations. Perceptual thinking is, to a certain extent, the condensation and abbreviation of logical thinking

Analytical thinking: Logical thinking, strictly following the laws of logic, through a series of analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, generalization, concreteness and systematic thinking processes.

Conventional thinking: Reconstructive thinking refers to the way of thinking in which people use acquired knowledge and experience, follow ready-made plans and procedures, and use habitual methods and fixed patterns to solve problems.

Creative thinking: refers to the thinking process of solving problems in novel and original ways

Positive thinking: a way of thinking in accordance with people’s traditional, logical or habitual direction

Reverse thinking: refers to a way of thinking that is opposite to the general traditional, logical and habitual thinking direction. It requires people to observe and think from two opposite directions when performing thinking activities, so as to solve problems creatively.

Vertical thinking: refers to thinking that is carried out in an orderly, predictable, and stylized manner within a certain structural scope, and is carried out in the direction from low to high, from shallow to deep, and from beginning to end, thus conforming to the general nature of things. The direction of development and the general laws of human understanding have become the habitual way of thinking in people's daily lives.

Lateral thinking: refers to a way of thinking that breaks through the structural scope of a problem and is inspired by things and facts in its field to generate new ideas.

Well-defined problems and vaguely-defined problems

Adversarial and non-adversarial questions

Semantic-rich questions and meaning-poor questions

problem found

analyse problem

propose a hypothesis

Test hypothesis

Go through the following steps: determine the problem, define the problem, formulate a strategy, organize information, allocate resources, monitor, and evaluate

The first stage mainly collects and organizes information, stores necessary knowledge and experience, and prepares necessary technology, equipment and other relevant conditions.

Digest and absorb various materials and knowledge obtained in the previous stage to clarify the problem and propose various hypotheses and solutions to solve the problem.

called the creative stage in a narrow sense or the real creative stage

Also called the performance stage, also called the implementation stage

Scale method: University of Southern California Creativity Test (Gilford Creativity Test), Torrance Creative Thinking Test, University of Chicago Creativity Test (Gatsels-Jackson Creativity Test), Wallich-Cogan Juvenile Test Children's Creativity Test, Adjective Checklist

Questionnaire method: Talent Discovery Group Questionnaire, Interest Group Exploration Questionnaire

Stimulate creative interest and cultivate creative desire

Overcome mind-sets and meaning barriers

Develop the habit of active thinking

Master the ways and means of creative thinking

Change traditional evaluation methods and form a good social atmosphere

It is the smallest sound unit that determines meaningful differences in language and is the most basic unit of speech.

The next level of language structure is morphemes, which are meaningful linguistic units composed of sounds in language and are the smallest meaning units in language.

Language needs to be able to provide symbols that represent things and ideas, which are words, which are composed of phonemes and morphemes.

Syntax refers to the arrangement of words in a sentence. Broadly speaking, syntax refers to the structure of a sentence, that is, the parts of a sentence and the way those parts fit together.

Reconstruction of imagination: refers to the process of generating new images in the mind based on verbal descriptions or recording of patterns and symbols. The conditions for creation are: 1. Must have rich representational reserves; 2. The words and physical signs provided for reimagining must be accurate, clear, and vivid; 3. Correctly understand the meaning of words and physical signs

Creative imagination: refers to the process of creating new images independently according to a certain purpose and task, without relying on ready-made descriptions. Conditions for production: 1. Creative motivation; 2. Rich reserve of representations; 3. Accumulation of necessary knowledge and experience; 4. Prototype inspiration; 5. Positive thinking activities; 6. Capturing inspiration.

Fantasy: refers to the imagination that is connected with personal life wishes and points to the future. What it creates is the image of future things that people expect. Characteristics: It embodies personal wishes and is an image of yearning; it is the preparatory stage for innovative activities; according to the possibility of realizing the value of fantasy, it can be divided into: positive fantasy and negative fantasy

The first stage is light sleep, which lasts only a few minutes and is the transition from wakefulness to deep sleep.

Stage 2 accounts for 45% of human sleep time

The third and fourth stages are called deep sleep

Heterophase sleep, also known as fast phase sleep and fast wave sleep, abbreviated as REM

Psychoanalytic perspective: Freud believed that dreams are a manifestation of subconscious activity processes and a form of expression of wishes.

Physiological point of view: Dreams are subjective experiences of random neural activities in our brains. A certain amount of stimulation is necessary to maintain the normal function of the nervous system.

Cognitive perspective: Dreams have certain cognitive functions

Problem-solving theory: Dreams are a continuation of people’s thoughts, worries, needs and desires when they are awake. The metaphors and associations in dreams can help people deal with evolving personal problems. This is the saying that what you think about every day is what you dream about every night.

Emotions and the hypothalamus

Emotion and network structure

Emotions and Limbic System

Emotion and cerebral cortex

Emotion and autonomic nervous system

Emotional and secretory systems

Emotional and somatic nervous system

Facial expressions express various emotional states through changes in eye muscles, facial muscles and mouth muscles.

Postures and expressions mainly rely on body postures and movements to amplify emotions. The head, hands and feet are the main body parts for expressing emotions.

Verbal expression refers to expressing emotions through changes in language, intonation, speaking speed, rhythm, etc. in the process of using language.

physiological regulation

Regulation of emotional experience

behavioral regulation

cognitive regulation

interpersonal adjustment

Natural causes: natural environment or physical obstacles

Social reasons: social habits, traditions or human factors

Economic reasons: low income, personal needs are directly or indirectly hindered

Happiness: refers to the emotional experience that occurs after a person achieves the goal he hopes for and pursues.

Anger: refers to the emotional experience that occurs when the goals pursued are hindered and the wishes cannot be realized.

Fear: the emotional experience that occurs when you are trying to get rid of or escape from a dangerous situation but are unable to cope with it.

Sadness: refers to the emotional experience that occurs when something you love is lost, or when your ideals and wishes are shattered.

Mood: a weak, calm, and persistent emotional state

Passion: an emotional state of intense intensity but short duration

Stress: an emotional state caused by unexpected stressful and crisis situations

Useful Connectivity Habit Principles

Opposite principle

The principle of direct action of the nervous system

Recognition of emotional states

James believed that emotions are the perception of physical changes; Langer proposed that emotions are the result of visceral activities

It emphasizes that the generation of emotions is the product of autonomic nervous activity, so it is also called the peripheral theory of emotion.

Cannon and Bader believe that the center of emotion does not extend into the system from the periphery, but is located in the thalamus of the central nervous system.

The generation of emotions is the inhibitory function of the cerebral cortex and thalamus, that is, the stimuli that stimulate emotions are processed by the thalamus, and the information is transmitted to the brain and other parts of the body at the same time.

Physical changes and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and emotional feelings are the result of a combination of the cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system.

Research focuses on the information conveyed by expressive activities accompanying emotions

The innate expression of action emotional states comes from intentional activities. Intentional activities have adaptive value for cooperative behavior among individuals

Human beings' recognition of emotional manifestations begins at a very young age and has an innate genetic component.

It is believed that after the central stimulus that cannot produce an emotional response is repeatedly combined with the unconditioned stimulus that produces an emotion, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, causing an emotional response.

The idea that the connection between response and outcome can both stimulate our behavior and alter our emotional experience

Bandura pointed out that the formation of phobias sometimes does not originate from direct individual experience, but from the observation of fearful behaviors of role models after being hurt by a certain object.

Arnold believes that the stimulus situation does not directly determine the nature of the emotion. From the appearance of the stimulus to the generation of the emotion, the evaluation and evaluation of the stimulus are required. The basic process of emotion generation is stimulus situation-evaluation-emotion. Excitation of the cerebral cortex is the most important condition for emotional behavior

Lazarus expanded Arnold's evaluation into a process of evaluation and re-evaluation. He believed that the evaluation of the situation includes the evaluation of what Xiong Dong might do. There are three levels of evaluation: initial evaluation, secondary evaluation, and re-evaluation.

The emotion theory of Arnold and Lazarus combines the study of phenomena, cognitive theory and the study of emotional physiology. It not only recognizes the biological factors of emotions, but also recognizes that emotions are restricted by socio-cultural situations, individual experiences and personality characteristics. All of this happens with the recognition and evaluation of nothingness. This perspective is more comprehensive and has greater value.

It is believed that there are two essential factors for the generation of emotions: one is that the individual must experience a high degree of physiological arousal, and the other is that the individual must be cognitively aroused to changes in physiological state.

emotional arousal model

Emotion is the product of the interaction between cognitive factors and physiological arousal state

Three effects of cognition on emotions: 1. Evaluation and interpretation of emotional stimuli; 2. Cognitive analysis of causes of arousal; 3. Naming of emotions and re-evaluation of the named emotions

Emotions have motivational properties. Izzard's emotional motivation-differentiation theory takes emotions as the core and personality as the basis to discuss the nature and function of emotions.

Emotions include three subsystems: neurophysiology, neuromuscular expression behavior, and emotional experience.

Izzard proposed a basic process: biogenetic-neuroendocrine activation process, sensory feedback activation process, emotional activation process and cognitive activation process.

diversity of goals

organization of goals

Goal motivation

Steps: 1. Realize the necessity of decision-making; 2. Determine goals and define problems; 3. Formulate alternatives for decision-making; 3. Conduct dimensional analysis of each option; 4. Evaluate each alternative; 5. Make a decision

Information Seeking: Desire for more information after loss of control in order to form a verified understanding of the predicament.

Intensified reaction to difficulties: Failure to anticipate difficulties after losing control will have a greater negative impact

Struggle and depression

Factors that create resistance and depression

Need: The internal condition of the engine is need

Inducement: In addition to satisfying needs, a target object also has some kind of temptation. This power is called an inducement.

Motivation function: Motivation can stimulate the body to produce certain activities

Guidance function: Motivation guides the direction of activities like a compass, making activities have a certain direction and moving towards the predetermined goal.

Maintenance and regulation function: When an activity occurs, motivation maintains the activity toward a certain goal and regulates the intensity and duration of the activity.

Among tasks that are relatively easy, work efficiency tends to increase as motivation increases.

In more difficult topics, the optimal level of motivation tends to gradually decrease as the difficulty of the topic increases.

Physiological motivation originates from physiological needs and is based on the physiological needs of the organism. The most studied are hunger motivation and thirst motivation.

Social motivation, also called psychological motivation, originates from social needs and is connected with people's social needs. Social motivation has persistent characteristics and is acquired. Psychological motivation includes two levels. One level includes the more primitive three drives, namely curiosity, exploration and manipulation; the other level includes the achievement motivation and communication motivation unique to humans.

According to the scope and duration of influence, motivations can be divided into long-term, general and temporary, specific motivations. The former comes from a deep understanding of the meaning of the activity, lasts for a long time, is relatively stable, and has a wide range of influence; the latter is often caused by the interest in the activity itself, lasts for a short time, is often affected by personal emotions, and is not stable enough.

According to the nature and social value of motivation, it can be divided as follows: Noble motivation can permanently mobilize people's enthusiasm and encourage them to make significant contributions to social development; low-level motivation goes against the laws of social development and human interests and is not conducive to social development.

Divide according to the effect of motivation on activities. The dominant motive usually plays a decisive role in the activity, while the auxiliary motivation plays the role of strengthening the dominant motive and adhering to the direction guided by the dominant motive.

Based on the consciousness of the action. There are some motives that we are not aware of, but they can affect people's activities. Settling is such a subconscious motive. In the human motivation system, conscious motivation plays a leading role

Psychoanalytic motivation theory: the belief that human beings' most basic motivations are subconscious

Drive reduction theory: Hull proposed that the needs of the organism generate drive, which stimulates the behavior of the organism.

Expectancy theory: Fromm established his own expectancy theory of motivation: it is believed that the strength of motivation depends on the product of target value (valency) and expected probability (expected value)

Motivational self-attribution theory: Aitkenson believes that individuals will have the same mentality of hope for success and fear of failure when faced with expected microblog situations. This mentality may constitute an individual's desire to pursue success and avoid failure when encountering problems. character

Motivation self-efficacy wheel: Bandura: When an individual faces a special task in goal pursuit, the strength of his or her motivation for that special task will be determined by the individual's assessment of his or her self-efficacy.

The theory of motivation: the theory of moderate excitement (the individual has an inherent tendency to automatically maintain moderate excitement in both physical and mental aspects, and if it is lacking, it will seek to increase it; if it is excessive, it will seek to decrease it), intrinsic motivation theory (some of the individual's behavioral activities themselves bring about The individual's feeling of happiness is what motivates this kind of behavior