High sodium and low potassium diet

overweight and obesity

Smoking, drinking

social and psychological factors

sleep apnea

folate deficiency

The earliest and most important pathological changes of vascular damage in hypertension

Independent risk factors for essential hypertension

Systemic arteriolar disease, manifested by hyaline degeneration of arterioles, proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the middle layer, and thickening of the vessel wall

left ventricular hypertrophy

Cerebral infarction, cerebral thrombosis

kidney failure

Headache, dizziness, palpitations, fatigue, fatigue, tinnitus

Hyperactive A2 and the elderly may present metallic sound, systolic murmur in the aortic valve area or early systolic ejection sound.

Elevating apical beat, heart failure may occur in the late stage

Cerebrovascular complications are the most common complications of hypertension

Proteinuria, uremia

progressive loss of vision

Aortic dissecting aneurysm, a major vascular emergency if it ruptures

Resting sitting brachial artery, three blood pressure measurements on different days all meet the diagnostic criteria (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHm)

Average SBP/DBP 24h≥130/80mmHg, daytime≥135/85mmHg, nighttime≥120/70mmHg

Blood pressure ≥135/85mmHg

History - Proteinuria, hematuria, and renal dysfunction often occur before or at the same time as hypertension.

Physical examination—anemia, edema, and abnormal urine changes, such as hematuria and cast urine

mild to moderate hypertension

Polyuria, especially nocturia, thirst, decreased urine specific gravity, alkaline urine and proteinuria

Paroxysmal muscle weakness or paralysis, myalgia, numbness of hands and feet

Triad—headache, sweating, palpitations

Generally drops below 140/90

Over 65 years old, SBP <150

With kidney disease, diabetes, or stable coronary heart disease, lower blood pressure to 130/80

After stroke, blood pressure <140/90

Calcium channel blockers (CCB)

ACE1

Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARBs)

B-blockers

diuretics

a receptor blockers

renin inhibitor