Upper limb bones (64 pieces)

Lower limb bones (62 pieces)

Inner layer (loose, rich in blood vessels, neuroosteoblasts, osteoclasts)

Outer layer (thicker, made of dense connective tissue)

Red bone marrow is stored throughout life in the ilium, sternum and vertebrae

The first cervical vertebra (also known as the atlas) is annular and has no vertebral body or protrusion.

The second cervical vertebra (also known as the pivot vertebra)

The seventh cervical vertebra (also known as the vertebrae) has a long spinous process and does not bifurcate at the end.

The junction of the middle and outer third of the clavicle is thin and prone to fracture.

Divided into three edges, triangle and front and rear sides

Hypertrophy of the lateral border is called the axillary border

The thin and sharp medial border is called the spinal border

The thickest lateral corner contains the glenoid

Scapular spine: The shallow fossa above and below the spine are called supraspinatus fossa and infraspinatus fossa respectively.

Long bone, one body with two ends

Humeral head

Anatomical neck: a shallow circular groove around the head of the humerus

Surgical neck (prone to fracture)

deltoid tuberosity

radial nerve groove

humeral pulley

Coronal and radial fossa

humeral head

olecranon fossa

Lateral epicondyle and medial epicondyle

ulnar nerve groove

Located on the inside of the forearm, divided into two ends

coronoid process and olecranon

radial notch

ulnar tuberosity

ulnar head

ulnar styloid process

radial neck

radial tuberosity

ulnar notch

radial styloid process

Divided into two rows, near and far, with 4 bones in each row

pubic comb

pubic tubercle

The longest and thickest long bone in the human body

The largest sesamoid bone in the human body

tarsus

phalanx metatarsal

parietal bone

Temporal bone

frontal bone

Sphenoid bone: located in the center of the skull base

Occipital bone

Ethmoid bone: located between the two orbits and forming the lateral wall of the upper part of the nasal cavity

maxilla

cheekbones

nasal bones

tear bone

palatine bone

inferior nasal bone

vomer

Mandible: divided into two parts

Hyoid bone: located behind and below the mandible, with the body in the middle and a pair of large and small horns extending backward.

maxillary sinus

frontal sinus

Anterior ethmoid sinus, middle group

Open into middle sinus

retroethmoid group

sphenoid sinus

anterior cranial fossa

middle cranial fossa

posterior fossa

Located under the dermis, also called subcutaneous fascia

It is composed of loose connective tissue, including superficial arteries, superficial veins, cutaneous nerves, lymphatic vessels and adipose tissue, etc.

Also known as inherent deep tendons

It is composed of dense connective tissue located deep in the superficial fascia, wrapping muscles, muscle groups, body walls, blood vessels, nerves, etc.

Consists of two muscle bellies and the galea aponeurosis in the middle

Located around the eye fissure, it is flat oval in shape and closes the palpebral fissure when it contracts.

Surrounds the cleft of the mouth and can close the mouth when contracted

Located deep in the cheek, when this muscle contracts, the cheek is close to the teeth and gums, assisting in chewing and sucking.

Originating from the lower edge and inner surface of the zygomatic arch, the fibers terminate obliquely posteriorly and downwardly at the masseter tuberosity.

Originates from the temporal fossa and ends at the coronoid process of the mandible

It originates from the pterygoid process and ends at the tuberosity of the pterygoid muscle on the inner surface of the mandibular angle.

The natural position of the mandibular joint is with the mouth closed

In the infratemporal fossa, originating from below the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and lateral to the pterygoid process

Descending mandible

Located in the superficial fascia on both sides of the front of the neck, it has the function of tightening the neck skin and lowering the corners of the mouth.

Originates from the manubrium of the sternum and the medial end of the clavicle and ends at the mastoid process of the temporal bone

Function: Contraction on one side makes the head tilt to the same side and the face faces the opposite side. Contraction on both sides makes the head tilt back.

Located between the hyoid bone, mandible, and skull base

Located in the front of the neck, on either side of the midline below the hyoid bone

In front of the cervical segment of the spine, there are the longus capitis and longus colli muscles.

Located on both sides of the cervical segment of the spine, there are the anterior scalene muscle, the middle scalene muscle, and the posterior scalene muscle.

Located on the outside of the shoulder in a triangular shape

Originates from the supraspinatus fossa and ends at the greater tubercle of the humerus, with the upper arm abducted

It originates from the infraspinatus fossa, is partially covered by the trapezius and deltoid muscles, passes behind the shoulder joint and ends at the greater tubercle, with the upper arm externally rotated

Located below the infraspinatus muscle, originating from the back of the lateral edge of the scapula and ending at the greater tubercle, with the upper arm externally rotated

It is located below the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles, originating from the lower angle of the scapula and ending at the lesser tuberosity ridge. The upper arm is adducted and internally rotated.

From the subscapular fossa to the lesser tubercle of the humerus

Biceps

coracobrachialis

brachialis

triceps brachii

Shallow layer

Deep

Shallow layer

Deep

It can make the thumb expand, flex, palm open and close, etc.

Located on the thumb side of the palm, it has a plump appearance and is called the thenar. There are 4 pieces in total.

Can make the little finger do flexion, abduction and palm alignment.

Located on the little finger side of the palm, it is relatively plump and is called the hypothenar, with a total of 3 pieces.

Located in the middle part of the palm, there are 11 muscles in total, including 4 lumbrical muscles, 3 palmar interosseous muscles, and 4 dorsal interosseous muscles.

The cone-shaped cavity located between the lateral wall of the chest and the upper arm, which supplies blood vessels and nerves to the upper limbs.

Triangular shallow depression located in front of the elbow joint

Located on the palm side of the wrist

iliopsoas muscle

tensor fascia lata

Function: Extend and externally rotate the thigh

gluteus maximus

gluteus medius

gluteus minimus

piriformis muscle

obturator internus muscle

quadratus femoris

obturator externus

Sartorius muscle

quadriceps

Located on the inner thigh, there are 5 muscles in total

Adduct and externally rotate the thigh

Main function: knee flexion and hip extension

biceps femoris

semitendinosus

semimembranosus

Bend the knees, extend the thighs, and rotate the calves inwards.

Located in front of the calf, there are three muscles

tibialis anterior

extensor digitorum longus

𧿹Extensor longus

Located on the outside of the fibula

Peroneus longus muscle (superficial layer)

Peroneus brevis (deep)

Function: Pronates the foot and plantar flexes it to maintain the arch of the foot

Located behind the calf

Triceps surae (superficial)

Deep

Including extensor pollicis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis, which can extend the thumb and toes.

There are three groups: medial, lateral and middle. The medial and lateral group lacks the anti-plantaris muscle. In addition to the lumbrical muscles and interosseous muscles, the middle group also has flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantaris muscles, which can assist in flexing the toes and maintaining the arch of the foot.

Located in the upper anterior thigh, the triangular area surrounded by the inguinal ligament, the medial edge of the sartorius muscle and the medial edge of the adductor longus muscle contains the femoral nerve, blood vessels and lymph nodes.

Located on the inner side of the mid-thigh, it is the triangular space formed between the sartorius, vastus medialis, and adductor magnus muscles. The upper opening is connected to the femoral triangle, and the lower opening is the adductor tendon hiatus, through which the femoral vessels enter the popliteal fossa.

Located behind the knee joint, it is rhombus-shaped and has four sides: the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius. There are popliteal blood vessels, tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve, lymph nodes and fat in the fossa.

Located in the shallow layer of the neck and back, one side is triangular and the two sides together are rhombus

Function: To bring the scapula closer to the spine, the upper muscle bundle can lift the scapula, and the lower muscle bundle can fix the scapula

If the scapula is fixed, contraction of the muscles on one side causes the neck to flex to the same side and the face to the opposite side. Contraction of both sides at the same time can cause the head to tilt back.

It is the largest latissimus muscle in the body, located in the lower back, waist and side walls of the chest.

Make the humerus adduct, rotate internally and extend posteriorly. When the upper limb is fixed, you can do pull-ups.

Also known as the sacrospinalis muscle, it is the longest and largest muscle on the back and is located in the longitudinal grooves on both sides of all spinous processes.

Function: Extend the spine and raise the head

Wrapped around the erector spinae and quadratus lumborum muscles, it forms the sheath of these muscles and is divided into three layers: anterior, middle and posterior.

It is fan-shaped and covers most of the anterior chest wall. It originates from the medial half of the clavicle, the sternum and the 1st to 6th costal cartilages. The muscle bundles are concentrated laterally and end with the flat tendon at the greater tubercle ridge of the humerus.

Function: Adducts, internally rotates and flexes the humerus. If the upper limb is fixed, it can lift the trunk, and also lift the ribs to assist in inhalation.

Located deep to the pectoralis major muscle, it is triangular in shape, originating from the 3rd to 5th ribs and ending at the scapula and coracoid process.

Function: Pull the scapula forward and downward. When the scapula is fixed, the ribs can be lifted to assist in inhalation.

Close to the lateral wall of the thorax, the muscle teeth originate from the outside of the 1st to 8th ribs, the muscle bundles are obliquely posterior and upward, and end at the medial edge and lower corner of the scapula.

Function: Pull the scapula forward and close to the chest. The lower muscles can help lift the arm. When the scapula is fixed, lift the ribs to help take a deep breath.

It is located in the most superficial layer of each intercostal space, starting from the lower edge of the upper rib, and the muscle bundle is obliquely forward and downward, ending at the upper edge of the next rib.

Function: Lifting ribs to assist in inhalation

Located on the deep surface of the external intercostal muscles, it originates from the upper edge of the lower ribs, and the muscle fibers run forward and upward, ending at the lower edge of the upper ribs.

Function: lowering ribs and assisting exhalation

Located in the middle of the intercostal space, deep to the internal intercostal muscles, the direction and function of the muscle bundles are the same as those of the internal intercostal muscles

A pair of long strap-like muscles located on both sides of the midline of the front of the abdomen, wrapped in the rectus abdominis sheath, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom

Muscle fiber direction: muscle bundles upward, tendons across

It is a broad platysus muscle, located in the superficial layer of the anterolateral wall. It has 8 teeth originating from the outside of the lower 8 ribs and intersects with the teeth of the serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi muscles.

Muscle fiber direction: from outer to upper and oblique to outer and lower

Forming structures: inguinal ligament, anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle, superficial inguinal ring

Located deep to the external oblique muscle, originating from the thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and lateral half of the inguinal ligament

Muscle fiber direction: fan-shaped

Located deep to the internal oblique muscle, originating from the inner surface of the lower 6 costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and lateral 1/3 of the inguinal ligament

Muscle fiber direction: Muscle bundles run transversely

It is located on both sides of the spine on the posterior abdominal wall, originating from the back of the iliac crest and ending upward at the 12th rib and the transverse processes of the 1st-4th lumbar vertebrae. When contracting, lower the 12th rib and flex the spine laterally

It is composed of the three layers of flat muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall and the aponeurosis surrounding the radiorectus abdominis.

It is composed of three layers of aponeurotic fibers interwoven with the flat muscles on both sides.

It is an aponeurotic band on the midline of the anterior abdominal wall

Originates from the xiphoid process and ends at the pubic symphysis

Characteristics: Tough, avascular, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom

draw-in structure Spermatic cord (male) Round ligament of uterus (female)

Located on the medial half of the inguinal ligament

constitute

Located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall

Composition: surrounded by the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis, inguinal ligament and inferior epigastric artery

superficial fascia

deep fascia

It is a pair of wide thin muscles, funnel-shaped, originating from the pelvic side wall, and the fibers end posteriorly and inwardly at the central tendon of the perineum, anococcygeal ligament and coccyx.

Function: seals the lower opening of the pelvis and supports the internal organs. During contraction, it lifts the anus and assists in tightening the anus. In women, it also has the function of narrowing the vaginal opening.

It is attached to the inner surface of the sacrospinous ligament, originates from the ischial spine, and ends in a fan shape at the lateral edges of the sacrum and coccyx. It helps form the pelvic floor, closes the posterolateral part of the lower pelvic opening, and supports the pelvic viscera.

It is the skeletal muscle surrounding the anus, divided into subcutaneous, superficial and deep parts.

It is a fibrocartilage disc that connects two adjacent vertebrae. There are 23 in adults.

Function: Withstand pressure, absorb shock, slow down impact

Located behind the center of the disc: nucleus pulposus

Multilayered ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the nucleus pulposus: annulus fibrosus

Prevent excessive extension of the spine and forward disc herniation

Limit excessive forward bending of the spine

A short ligament that connects two adjacent vertebral laminae, also known as the interarchus ligament

Made of yellow elastic fiber

Helps encircle the spinal canal and limit excessive forward bending of the spine

The rib heads and rib concavities form the rib head joints

The rib tubercle and rib neck form the costotransverse process joint

Ribs can be raised and lowered

Inhale, the front end of the ribs is raised, the sternum rises, the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax is enlarged, the ribs are raised, the rib body expands outward, the transverse diameter of the thorax is enlarged, and the volume of the thorax is increased.

When exhaling, the front ends of the ribs lower, the sternum descends, reducing the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax, the ribs descend, the rib body contracts inward, the transverse diameter of the thorax decreases, and the volume of the chest cavity decreases.

It is the only joint that connects the bones of the upper limbs to the bones of the trunk

It consists of the sternal end of the clavicle, the clavicular notch of the sternum, and the upper surface of the first costal cartilage.

The joint capsule is tough and reinforced by ligaments, and there is an articular disc within the joint capsule.

A planar joint formed by the acromial end of the clavicle and the articular surface of the acromion

The upper part of the joint capsule and the lower part of the clavicle are strengthened by the acromioclavicular ligament and coracoclavicular ligament respectively.

articular disc

It is a triangular ligament that is connected between the coracoid process and acromion of the scapula.

Coracoacromial arch: The coracoacromial ligament, coracoid process and acromion jointly form to prevent upward dislocation of the humeral head.

Composed of the head of the humerus and the glenoid of the scapula, also called the glenohumeral joint

The head is large and shallow, the joint capsule is thin and loose, the ligaments are small, the movement is flexible, and the stability is relatively poor.

Movement: flexion, extension, retraction, expansion, rotation, rotation

Humeroulnar joint

humeroradial joint

proximal radioulnar joint

joint capsule, ligament

Movement: flexion, extension, pronation, supination

interosseous membrane of forearm

proximal radioulnar joint

distal radioulnar joint

composition

Features: Relaxation of joint capsule

Combined with the proximal radioulnar joint, the forearm can be pronated and supinated.

radiocarpal joint

intercarpal joint

carpometacarpal joint

metacarpophalangeal joint

interphalangeal joint

Made up of the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium

The joint capsule is tense and strengthened by the anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments in the front and back respectively.

It is formed by connecting the pubic symphysis surfaces on both sides through the interpubic disc.

Encircle the greater and lesser ischial notches to form the greater ischial foramen and the lesser ischial foramen

It has the function of supporting body weight, transmitting gravity, supporting and protecting pelvic organs

It is composed of the sacrum, coccyx, left and right hip bones and the bone connections between them.

Boundary lines: promontory, arcuate line, pubic comb, pubic tubercle, upper edge of pubic symphysis

large pelvis

small pelvis

Made up of acetabulum and femoral head

Auxiliary structure

The head is large and deep, the joint capsule is tight and tough, the ligaments are numerous and thick, the range of motion is small, and the stability is good

Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, internal rotation, external rotation, rotation (the range is not as good as that of the shoulder joint)

It consists of the lower end of the femur, the upper end of the tibia and the ilium (the most complex joint in the human body)

Iliac ligament, tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral ligament, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament

Meniscus: inner C outer O

Movement: flexion, extension, rotation in semi-flexion position

upper end

between two backbones

lower end

Ankle joint (talocrural joint)

intertarsal joint

tarsometatarsal joint

metatarsophalangeal joint

interphalangeal joint

The tarsus and metatarsal bones are firmly connected by ligaments to form a convex upward arch.

medial longitudinal arch

lateral longitudinal arch

horizontal bow