MindMap Gallery Lesson 14 Epidemics and Medical Achievements in History
The author has compiled the knowledge points related to epidemics and medical achievements in the history selective compulsory course 2 and 14, including three main knowledge points: epidemics in history, achievements in traditional Chinese medicine, and the process of integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine. If necessary, you can download it. Oh~
Edited at 2024-01-15 16:05:06This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Lesson 14 Epidemics and Medical Achievements in History
1. Epidemics in History
1.Meaning
Epidemics refer to acute infectious diseases caused by strong pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses that infect the human body.
2. Major “epidemics” that have occurred in history
Smallpox (small pox): It is a severe infectious disease caused by the smallpox virus. It is highly contagious. Infected patients usually die within 3 to 5 days. After the patient recovers, there will be permanent scars on the face, commonly known as "pockmarks", which is where the name "smallpox" comes from
Analyze the causes and effects of the spread of smallpox and other germs in the Americas
reason
After the opening of new sea routes, European colonists carried out colonial expansion in the Americas
Global movements of people and animals
Influence
The population of Native Americans dropped sharply and the original society disintegrated (bringing serious disasters to the American people)
In order to make up for the shortage of labor in the Americas, colonists sold a large number of black slaves, and the slave trade began
Europeans quickly established colonial rule in the Americas
The original relatively balanced pattern of multi-civilizations has been broken
Plague: It is a severe infectious disease mainly transmitted by Yersinia pestis through rat fleas. It is a natural epidemic disease widely prevalent among wild rodents. It is highly contagious and has a case fatality rate of up to 30%~ 60%
① Plague in Athens in the 5th century BC
In 430 BC (the second year of the Peloponnesian War), a plague broke out in Athens and almost destroyed the Greek city-state, and Pericles was not spared. The famous Greek historian Thucydides described this horrific plague at the time: "People died like sheep."
②Plague along the Mediterranean coast in the 6th century
This great plague eventually became the end of Justinian's heyday, and the population of the Byzantine Empire was reduced by half.
③European plague in the 14th century - the Black Death
The epidemic lasted for three centuries. More than half of the European population died, labor shortages, production stagnation, and severe famine occurred.
④The plague was rampant in the late Ming Dynasty in the 17th century
The Ming army, Dashun army and a large number of people fell ill and died
⑤The plague epidemic in Northeast China in 1910-1911
What are the characteristics of the British government’s anti-epidemic countermeasures in early modern times? Please analyze the conditions for their formation.
Features
Pay attention to secular methods to respond to the epidemic
Implement a strict isolation policy
Combining various forces to jointly prevent the epidemic
condition
The development of humanism
The Church's position is shaken
The development of natural science and modern medicine
The formation of nation-states and the strengthening of secular kingship
development of capitalist economy
Yellow fever broke out in Mexico in the 17th century and spread throughout the Americas, Africa, and Europe, wreaking havoc for two centuries.
In the early 20th century, typhus epidemics killed millions in Russia and Poland.
In 1918-1919, during World War I, the global influenza pandemic (Spanish Flu) killed more than 20 million people.
3. Influence
① Epidemics pose a huge threat to people’s health, such as population death; they cause political and economic changes, cause social chaos, and have a negative impact on social development
②In the fight against epidemics, mankind has accumulated experience in prevention and treatment, which has objectively promoted the progress of medical technology and public health.
2. Achievements in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Period Achievements
Warring States Period
Bian Que: Four diagnostic methods: inspection, smelling, questioning, and dissection
Warring States Period to Western Han Dynasty
"The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic": summarizing experience, the theory of yin and yang and the five elements explains physiology and pathology, and clarifies the organic connection between man and nature. It is a basic theoretical work of traditional Chinese medicine.
Late Eastern Han Dynasty
Hua Tuo: Proficient in surgical operations and created "Ma Fei San" and "Wu Qin Xi"
Zhang Zhongjing: Accumulated clinical experience, proposed the principle of dialectical treatment, "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases", and laid the clinical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine.
Tang Dynasty
Sun Simiao: "King of Medicines", Clinical Encyclopedia "Thousands of Gold Prescriptions"
"Tang Materia Medica" is the world's first government-issued pharmacopoeia
Eastern Jin Dynasty
Ge Hong: "Emergency Prescription" contains records about the anti-malarial effects of Artemisia annua.
Northern Song Dynasty
The acupuncture bronze figure embodies the clinical practice and teaching development level of traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture.
Ming Dynasty
Li Shizhen: "Compendium of Materia Medica", a collection of pharmaceutical knowledge, known as the "Grand Book of Oriental Pharmacy"
Summarize the "new vitality" performance of traditional Chinese medicine industry after the founding of New China? Taking the prevention and treatment of malaria as an example to illustrate the contribution of traditional Chinese medicine to the development of modern medicine?
① Guidelines: Integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine, new and old traditional Chinese and Western medicine doctors unite and collaborate, summarize clinical experience, and improve the treatment level of traditional Chinese medicine
② Institutional establishment: Traditional Chinese medicine hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine schools were established nationwide, setting off a climax of research on traditional Chinese medicine.
③Research fields: Collating classics, discovering secret recipes, and developing proprietary Chinese medicine preparations
④Outstanding achievements: Tu Youyou’s team was inspired by the anti-malarial record of Artemisia annua in Ge Hong’s “Emergency Prescriptions” and isolated artemisinin from Artemisia annua that can resist malaria. It played a huge role in the prevention and treatment of malaria in humans. In 2015, Tu Youyou Yoyo wins Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
⑤Since the 21st century: Traditional Chinese medicine has developed vigorously and gone global
3. Spread of Western Medicine in China
1. Background - Overview of the development of Western medicine
rely on
Experimental sciences such as chemistry, biology, physics, etc. Precision instruments Data analysis
Period Achievements
17th century
British physiologist William Harvey's "On the Movement of the Heart" reveals the laws of blood circulation
Leeuwenhoek in the Netherlands used a hand-made microscope to observe microorganisms
19th century
Combine physiology and clinical practice, explore drug functions and effects, and create experimental pharmacology
2. Process - Western medicine was introduced into China
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Western medicine was introduced to China, and its impact was limited.
After the Opium War, Western medicine hospitals were established in treaty ports; Later, the Western Hospital School was established to integrate teaching, scientific research, and clinical practice.
Xiangya Hospital in 1906 was one of the earliest Western hospitals established by the Yale-China Association in China.
Peking Union Medical College Hospital was built in 1921 and was founded by the Rockefeller Foundation.
3. Influence
① Promote the advancement of medical technology and improve the health status of Chinese people
② Promote the modernization of medical institutions and medical education (establishment of Western-style hospitals and Western-style medical schools)
③ Promote the scientificization of medical technology (introduction of cowpox vaccination, anesthesia, radiation technology, etc.)
④ Promote the formation of public health concepts and the progress of public health undertakings (tap water, food hygiene)