Epidemics refer to acute infectious diseases caused by strong pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses that infect the human body.

Smallpox (small pox): It is a severe infectious disease caused by the smallpox virus. It is highly contagious. Infected patients usually die within 3 to 5 days. After the patient recovers, there will be permanent scars on the face, commonly known as "pockmarks", which is where the name "smallpox" comes from

Analyze the causes and effects of the spread of smallpox and other germs in the Americas

Plague: It is a severe infectious disease mainly transmitted by Yersinia pestis through rat fleas. It is a natural epidemic disease widely prevalent among wild rodents. It is highly contagious and has a case fatality rate of up to 30%~ 60%

What are the characteristics of the British government’s anti-epidemic countermeasures in early modern times? Please analyze the conditions for their formation.

Yellow fever broke out in Mexico in the 17th century and spread throughout the Americas, Africa, and Europe, wreaking havoc for two centuries.

In the early 20th century, typhus epidemics killed millions in Russia and Poland.

In 1918-1919, during World War I, the global influenza pandemic (Spanish Flu) killed more than 20 million people.

① Epidemics pose a huge threat to people’s health, such as population death; they cause political and economic changes, cause social chaos, and have a negative impact on social development

②In the fight against epidemics, mankind has accumulated experience in prevention and treatment, which has objectively promoted the progress of medical technology and public health.

Warring States Period

Warring States Period to Western Han Dynasty

Late Eastern Han Dynasty

Tang Dynasty

Eastern Jin Dynasty

Northern Song Dynasty

Ming Dynasty

① Guidelines: Integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine, new and old traditional Chinese and Western medicine doctors unite and collaborate, summarize clinical experience, and improve the treatment level of traditional Chinese medicine

② Institutional establishment: Traditional Chinese medicine hospitals and traditional Chinese medicine schools were established nationwide, setting off a climax of research on traditional Chinese medicine.

③Research fields: Collating classics, discovering secret recipes, and developing proprietary Chinese medicine preparations

④Outstanding achievements: Tu Youyou’s team was inspired by the anti-malarial record of Artemisia annua in Ge Hong’s “Emergency Prescriptions” and isolated artemisinin from Artemisia annua that can resist malaria. It played a huge role in the prevention and treatment of malaria in humans. In 2015, Tu Youyou Yoyo wins Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

⑤Since the 21st century: Traditional Chinese medicine has developed vigorously and gone global

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Period Achievements

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Western medicine was introduced to China, and its impact was limited.

After the Opium War, Western medicine hospitals were established in treaty ports; Later, the Western Hospital School was established to integrate teaching, scientific research, and clinical practice.

① Promote the advancement of medical technology and improve the health status of Chinese people

② Promote the modernization of medical institutions and medical education (establishment of Western-style hospitals and Western-style medical schools)

③ Promote the scientificization of medical technology (introduction of cowpox vaccination, anesthesia, radiation technology, etc.)

④ Promote the formation of public health concepts and the progress of public health undertakings (tap water, food hygiene)