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water environment

The mind map of water environment knowledge points in Chapter 1 of Environmental Studies introduces water resources and water environment, water pollution, water environment quality standards, water pollution control, etc. The key points are sorted out and the structure is clear. It is worth learning!

Edited at 2024-11-09 13:43:09

21_ethanSawyer

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water environment

21_ethanSawyer

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Outline

Protecting the Water Environment
- 55
WSeKPb2N
Protecting the Water Environment
- 79
WSeKPb2N
environmental soil
- 22
PlotWizard
environmental science water environment
- 24
PlotWizard

water environment

Water resources and water environment

water on earth

Water volume and distribution

Total water volume

About 1.386 billion cubic kilometers

distributed

ocean water

land water

atmospheric water

natural cycle of water

form

Under the influence of solar radiation and gravity, various forms of water on the earth undergo a repetitive motion process of phase transformation through evaporation, water vapor transport, condensation and precipitation, infiltration, runoff and other links.

basic motivation

Solar radiation gravity

necessary conditions

At surface temperature and pressure, water can undergo three-state transformations: gas, liquid, and solid.

replacement cycle

It is an important indicator reflecting the intensity of the water cycle and is also a basic parameter of water resource availability.

available water resources

Material composition of natural water

definition

A solution complex with extremely complex chemical composition composed of soluble and insoluble substances

chemical composition

Major components, dissolved gases, nutrients, organic matter, trace elements, toxic substances

water resources

It only refers to that part of the water resources on the earth's surface that can be used by humans and is renewed year by year. The total amount is about 100,000 cubic kilometers 0.007%

Characteristics of water resources

functional importance

Limited supplies

Variability in space and time

Versatility in use

Human use of water resources

Domestic water

production water

ecological water

The social cycle of water

Water is constantly migrating and transforming under the influence of human activities

The properties of water are constantly changing

Water resource shortage

China's water resources

Water resources characteristics

The total amount of water resources is quite large, but the amount of water per capita and mu is not large.

Unbalanced time distribution, uneven spatial distribution, spread of water pollution, etc.

water shortage

water disaster

flood disaster

Cause

Natural factors, heavy rainfall, geological activities

Human factors, urbanization, building embankments and dams

Flood prevention and disaster reduction strategies and measures

Engineering Measures Reservoir Projects Prevention Projects River Regulation Projects Flood Diversion and Storage Projects

Non-engineering measures Strengthen ecological protection and construction Establish flood forecasting and early warning systems Use and manage flood storage areas Improve the emergency and disaster relief system

drought disaster

Hazards Reduced soil moisture content Reduced surface runoff

Cause

Precipitation Uneven geographical distribution Uneven seasonal distribution

Evaporation Excessive loss of water

Terrain: Large ground slope, poor vegetation, soil retention and water retention

Disaster Mitigation Measures

Enhance long-term forecasting

Promote artificial precipitation

Develop water-saving irrigation

water pollution

The intervention of certain substances in water causes changes in its chemical, physical, biological or radioactive properties, thereby affecting the effective use of water, endangering human health, damaging the ecological environment, and causing the deterioration of water quality.

Main water pollutants and their environmental effects

Suspended solids SS, aerobic organic matter, biochemical oxygen demand BOD, chemical oxygen demand COD, total oxygen demand TOD, total organic carbon TOC, plant nutrients, algae bloom, red tide, heavy metals, refractory organic matter, petroleum, acid and alkali, thermal pollution, etc.

water pollution sources

Natural pollution sources Nature spontaneously releases toxic substances into the environment

Man-made pollution sources formed by human economic activities

point source of pollution

Industrial wastewater has a large amount of pollution, complex composition, poor sensory perception, and variable water quantity and quality.

Domestic sewage

surface pollution sources

Rural area source

urban runoff

Features

Large quantity, wide coverage, complex situation and difficult to control

Characteristics of water pollution

Surface water pollution characteristics

River pollution. The degree of pollution changes with the runoff flow. The pollution spreads quickly. The impact of pollution is large.

Lake and reservoir pollution. Pollution comes from a wide range of sources, with many pathways and complex types. Weak biodegradation and accumulation capabilities. Weak pollution dilution and transport capabilities.

Characteristics of groundwater pollution: extensive sources, difficult to control, serious harm

Characteristics of marine pollution: Multiple and complex pollution sources; Strong persistence of pollution; Large scope of pollution diffusion

Water environment quality standards

Water quality standard: The maximum dose or concentration of pollutants in the environment that does not produce adverse or harmful effects on specific objects. It has no legal effect.

Water quality standards are based on water environment quality benchmarks as the basic scientific basis, and take into account the socio-economic and technical conditions for achieving the standards. They are legally efficient.

Surface water environmental quality standards

water pollution control

Source control of water pollution

Industrial water pollution theme: Optimize structure, rational layout, on-site treatment, strengthen management

Domestic water pollution has gradually become the main source of organic pollutants

Non-point source pollution 1. Non-point source in rural areas. Develop water-saving agriculture. 2. Urban runoff. Make full use of rainwater.

Manual treatment of sewage

Method Physical treatment method Chemical treatment method Biological treatment method

Grading Pre-treatment Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment

Treatment, disposal and resource utilization of tail water

Ecological treatment of tail water, stabilizing pond system and land treatment system, high efficiency, stable operation, artificial secondary treatment

Reuse of tail water, industrial reuse, agricultural use, urban reuse, etc.

Natural disposal of tail water. Use the self-purification ability of the water environment to treat tail water in rivers, lakes and seas 1. Pretreatment 2. Scientific implementation