MindMap Gallery Fundamentals of Software Engineering Economics
Basics of software engineering economics. Software Engineering Economics (SEE) is a branch of economics that studies economic issues and economic laws in the field of software engineering.
Edited at 2024-11-28 12:47:11Questo è il capitolo 5 del libro dell'insegnante Zhao Zhou "Questo è abbastanza da leggere", che parla principalmente di questi aspetti: ① L'importanza dell'abilità di apprendimento ② Come aggiungere contesto alle informazioni ③ Come distinguere la conoscenza e le informazioni Non mi affretta a mettere in discussione e sfidare ⑤Come usare note appiccicose per aggiornare la capacità di apprendimento ⑥ Perché inseguire i "merci secche" uno pseudo-apprendimento?
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Questo è il capitolo 5 del libro dell'insegnante Zhao Zhou "Questo è abbastanza da leggere", che parla principalmente di questi aspetti: ① L'importanza dell'abilità di apprendimento ② Come aggiungere contesto alle informazioni ③ Come distinguere la conoscenza e le informazioni Non mi affretta a mettere in discussione e sfidare ⑤Come usare note appiccicose per aggiornare la capacità di apprendimento ⑥ Perché inseguire i "merci secche" uno pseudo-apprendimento?
Per aiutare tutti a usare DeepSeek in modo più efficiente, è stata compilata una raccolta di Map Mind Mind Guide DeepSeek! Questa mappa mentale riassume il contenuto principale: collegamenti correlati a Yitu, analisi del profilo DS, confronto tra rotte tecnologiche DeepSeek e Chatgpt, Guida di distribuzione del modello DeepSeek e Qwen, come fare più soldi con DeepSeek, come giocare a DeepSeek, DeepSeek Scientific Research Application Aspetta, permettendoti di cogliere rapidamente l'essenza dell'interazione AI. Che si tratti di creazione di contenuti, pianificazione del piano, generazione di codice o miglioramento dell'apprendimento, DeepSeek può aiutarti a ottenere il doppio del risultato con metà dello sforzo!
Questa è una mappa mentale sulle 30 istruzioni a livello di alimentazione di DeepSeek.
Fundamentals of Software Engineering Economics
Basic elements of software engineering economic analysis
Engineering economic activities and their correlations in the software engineering life cycle
Investment, financing and project feasibility analysis
invest
An economic activity in which an enterprise invests funds or operates in order to achieve a specific goal.
productive investment
unproductive investment
fixed capital
It is productive capital that exists in the form of labor instruments such as machines, factories, and tools. Its value is transferred part by part to new products according to the degree of wear and tear during use. After the product is sold, it is recovered part by part, and the turnover of its entire value is realized after multiple generation processes.
material form
Capital in the form of means of production such as factories, machinery and equipment, large tools, etc.
Turnaround method
The use value as a whole repeatedly participates in the production process, but the value is only gradually transferred to the product according to the degree of wear and tear, and is gradually recovered through product sales.
working capital
It is productive capital that exists in the form of raw materials, auxiliary materials, fuel and other labor objects as well as labor force.
The difference between fixed asset investment and current asset investment
Fixed asset investment is the expansion of reproduction technology and equipment renewal Fixed asset investment is included in the product cost in the form of depreciation during each accounting period within the useful life of the fixed asset. Compensated gradually by product sales revenue each accounting period
Investment in current assets is to ensure normal production and operation. As an expenditure, it is included in the cost of the product and is compensated by income in different ways. Investment in current assets is generally included in the product cost in one lump sum and is compensated by the current product sales revenue.
Financing principles for software companies
Moderate financing scale
Reasonable financing time
Optimize financing methods
Reduce financing costs
Control financing risks
Project feasibility analysis
Four problems to be solved
Necessity, feasibility, effectiveness, risk
step
Opportunities to study
General Opportunities Research (Project Intention)
Main content
area studies
department research
resource research
in accordance with
Forecast of regional economic development and industrial structure
Current status and forecast of regional social development
Regional resource status and quantity display
Relevant laws and regulations
Department development and growth rate
Import and export structure and trend analysis
Research on specific project opportunities (project proposals or project proposals)
Main content
market research
Research on the external environment of project intentions
Research on project investors’ own conditions
Methods and results
element layering method
Opportunity research report (specific project opportunity research ultimately provides decision-makers with specific project suggestions or investment proposals; at the same time, it provides the basis for a rough project argument)
project proposal
What problem? Why
Who are you? What have you done?
action planning
Long-term goals; short-term goals; results, outputs; indicator setting for inspection actions; phased and distributed action plans; budget; follow-up activities
Preliminary feasibility analysis
Main content
Market and production capabilities
Material input analysis
Location and preliminary site selection
Project design
Project schedule
Project investment and cost settlement
Problem solved
Is project construction necessary?
How long does the project take to complete
How many human and material resources are needed?
How much capital is needed and whether enough funds can be raised
Is the project financially profitable?
Is the project economically sound?
Auxiliary research (functional research)
Detailed feasibility analysis (project demonstration)
in accordance with
Relevant national development plans and planning documents
Approval of project proposals from project authorities
Project proposal and its approval documents
Project investor entrustment contract or agreement
preliminary selection report
Technical information on main processes and equipment
in principle
scientific principle
objectivity principle
principle of impartiality
program framework
Assessment and decision-making
Main content
Investment demand feasibility, technical feasibility, financial feasibility, environmental feasibility, organizational feasibility, risk analysis and countermeasures
The role of feasibility analysis report
Basis for investment decisions of economic entities
Basis for raising funds and borrowing from banks
The basis for introducing technical equipment from abroad and negotiating and signing contracts with foreign businessmen
Basis for signing a contract with the project collaboration unit
Important basic information for project infrastructure construction
Basis for project planning, team organization, staff training, and development organization
Basis for project evaluation and post-project evaluation
Costs, revenues, taxes, profits and their relationships
cost
Various expenditures incurred to obtain various factors of production, goods and services and to achieve certain specific economic purposes. There are accounting costs and sunk costs
income
definition
The total inflow of economic benefits formed by an enterprise in selling products, providing services, and other economic activities such as using the enterprise's assets.
composition
operating income
Other business income
Non-operating income
investment income
taxes
profit
It reflects the operating results of the enterprise in a certain period and is the main goal pursued by the enterprise. It reflects the operating results of the enterprise in a certain period and is also the focus of engineering economic analysis.
Sales profit = sales revenue - total cost - sales tax and surcharges
Total profit = sales profit + net investment income + non-operating income + non-operating expenses
Profit after tax = total profit minus income tax
Planning, organization and control of resources
Human resources are the most valuable resources of software companies
Planning, organization and control of software resources
Human resources, especially the planning, organization and control of development teams
Development process of human resource planning
Scientific formulation and implementation control of construction period and time schedule plan
Issues such as manpower and schedule arrangements for reliability testing
Discounting and forecasting of cash flows based on time value of money
time value of money
Interest and interest rates
Inflation rate and discount rate
Currency is the abbreviation of currency in circulation. Inflation refers to the phenomenon of currency devaluation caused by the amount of banknotes issued exceeding the actual demand for commodity circulation.
Inflation rate is a parameter that measures the relative change rate of national price increases.
Fund equivalent and cash flow diagram
The equivalent value of funds means that under the influence of time factors, unequal currency values at different points in time may have equal value.
cash flow diagram
effect
It is convenient to examine the investment costs and benefits of each stage in the entire life cycle of software projects to analyze their economic effects.
Cash flow diagrams can be used to visually describe the implementation process of each investment plan.
draw
The abscissa represents the time scale
The vertical line relative to the time coordinate represents the cash flow status at different points in time.
Arrows pointing upward represent cash inflows
Arrows pointing downward indicate cash outflows
The length is drawn in proportion to the size of the cash flow.
It is assumed that investing activities occur at the beginning of each year, and operating expenses and income are assumed to occur at the end of the year.
Cash flow discounting and forecasting
If all the amounts that occur at different points in the future in a cash flow sequence are converted into the amount at the current moment, this conversion process is called "discounting" or "discounting." And the value of the funds discounted at the future point in time to the funds at the present point in time is called "present value"
The process of converting the amount of funds at the current point in time to the amount at a certain point in the future is called "estimation". The value of converting the amount of funds at the current point in time to the value of the funds at a certain point in the future is called "terminal value"
Tendering and Tendering
Characteristics and classification of bidding/tendering
Tendering and tendering are organized and planned commercial trade activities. Through tendering and tendering activities, organizers look for suitable contractors and bidders compete to obtain corresponding engineering projects.
All tangible assets can be completed through bidding and tendering - software is a special kind of tangible asset
feature
Organizational
publicity
one time decision
fairness
type
According to the degree of publicity and the limit of the number of participants
Competitive bidding (public bidding)
Limited tendering
According to the conditions of the contract
automatic conditional bidding
Random conditional bidding
Negotiate tender
Tendering procedures and methods
Preparation of tender documents
Bid pre-qualification
Bid opening and evaluation process
Bidding process and its strategies
Pre-tender preparation and application pre-qualification
Bid quotation
Tender evaluation defense and contract negotiation
Project evaluation and decision-making methods
Evaluation of project investment decisions
It can be carried out from the aspects of technical feasibility, economic feasibility and financial feasibility.
financial evaluation indicators
Static indicators and dynamic indicators
Positive and negative indicators
Absolute and relative indicators
Dynamic evaluation indicators
decision making method
correlation matrix method
analytic hierarchy process
fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
How to aggregate results of different sortings