Features: luminescence, exothermic color change, gas generation, precipitation generation.

Accompanied by changes in energy

Characteristics: The appearance, state, etc. of the matter have changed.

(1). Add effervescent tablets to the water

(2) Blow air into the clear lime water

(3) Magnesium belt combustion

Examples: Flammability, (un)stability, acid-base, oxidative, rotten, toxicity, activeness, etc.

Examples: color, state, odor, density, hardness, melting point, boiling point, conductivity, thermal conductivity, volatility, ductility, solubility, adsorption, etc.

(1) Properties are attributes, and changes are processes

(2) The nature of the word "can", "can", difficult, "easy", "can" and other words.

(3). Change. Commonly used words such as "in", "le" and other words

(1) Universe: H, He

(2) The top three digits in the earth's crust: O, Si, Al

(3) The top three in the human body; O, C, H

Osteoporosis: Ca calcium deficiency

Iron deficiency anemia: Fe deficiency

Goiter: Iodine deficiency.

The element composed of the element of the word "qi" is called a certain qi

The single member name composed of the remaining elements is consistent with the element symbol.

It is composed of two elements that are non-metallic elements.

Use: used for the reaction of small amounts of substances

Pay attention to when using:

Use: for evaporation and concentration of solution

Pay attention when using

Use: Used for combustion reactions in gases.

Pay attention when using

Uses: (1) A container for reaction of large amounts of substances; (2) Used to dissolve substances and prepare solutions

Pay attention to when using:

Use (1) Used as a reaction vessel between a large number of liquids; (2) Reaction vessel for producing gas

Pay attention to when using:

Used to store solid medicines

Used to store liquid medicines

Use: Collect or store gas

Note When the density is greater than the air, the gas collector is being placed

When the density is less than air, the gas collector cylinder is placed inverted

Uses: (1) Drop bottle is used to hold a small amount of liquid agent. (2) Glue-head dropper is used to absorb and add a small amount of liquid.

Pay attention to when using:

Purpose: It is an indispensable instrument in filtration experiments

Pay attention to when using:

Use: Used to add medicines at any time when solids and liquids react in conical flasks

Note when using: The lower end of the long-neck funnel should be extended below the liquid level to form a liquid seal to prevent gas from being produced and escape from the long-neck funnel.

Benefits: Add at any time.

Use: An instrument used to control the dropping amount (or speed) of liquid in a gas-making device.

Note when using: There is a piston on the neck of the separating funnel, which is the key to distinguish it from the long-neck funnel. The liquid separation funnel can control the speed of the liquid added

Advantages: (1) Add (2) Adjust the piston to control the drop acceleration to obtain a stable air flow

Use: Used to weigh the mass of substance (accuracy 0.1~0.01g)

Use steps: ① Turn on the power supply ② Turn on the machine ③ Put weighing paper (or small beaker) ④ Peel (or zeroing) ③ Add medicine to a certain quality

Purpose: Only used to measure liquid volume

Pay attention to when using:

Use: Used to fix and clamp various instruments, the iron ring fixed on the iron frame table can be used as a funnel frame

Note when using: the direction of the iron ring and the iron clamp should be the same as the iron frame platform.

Use: Used to clamp block or granular solids when using: first place the test tube horizontally, use tweezers to place the block solids into the test tube mouth, slowly raise the test tube, so that the medicine can slowly slide down the wall of the test tube (to avoid Break the test tube)

Use: Used to clamp the test tube and heat the test tube. Note: (1) The test tube clamp must be clamped up from the bottom of the test tube and must be clamped away from the mouth of the test tube. (Reagent to prevent impurities from entering the tube and contaminate the tube) (convenient to observe and experiment Wire,

Use: Used to hold an evaporating dish or crucible

Notes on use: (1) Clamping magnesium strips (2) When moving high-temperature evaporation dishes, you must put them on the clay net.

Use: Heating heat source used during experiments

Notes on use:

Use: for stirring, dip in a small amount of liquid, etc.

Note: Rinse after use

Use: Use powdered or granular solid powder (small spoons at both ends).

Notes on use: (1) Use a tablespoon when taking more medicines, and use a teaspoon when handing in less food (2) Wipe it clean with paper immediately after using the spoon for next use.

Use: Used to pad between heat source and beaker or conical flask

Note: To prevent glass instruments with large bottom area from breaking due to uneven heat.

Use: Used to hold pH and other test strips.

Note: Only use at room temperature, no heating

Use: used to scrub test tubes and other glass instruments

Notes on use: (1) It cannot be used to brush the measuring cylinder (2) When washing test tubes and other glass instruments, do not use too much force (to avoid damaging the container)

(1) Safety principle: Do not touch the medicine with your hands, do not put your nostrils into the mouth of the container to smell the smell of the medicine (especially gas), and do not taste the taste of any medicine.

(2) Principle of saving: Take medicines strictly according to the dosage specified in the experiment. If the dosage is not specified, generally take the minimum amount: take 1~2ml of liquid and cover the bottom of the test tube with solid.

(3) The principle of using leftover medicines: Do not put them back into the original bottle, and do not discard them at will, and do not take them out of the laboratory.

(1) A large amount————Dump directly

(2) A small amount——add it directly.

(3) A certain amount—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

Instruments that can be heated directly: test tubes, evaporation dishes, combustion spoons

Instruments that must be placed on clay nets: beakers, conical bottles, etc.

(1) When heating, there must be no water on the outer wall of the glass instrument, and the wick at the bottom of the test tube cannot be contacted. The test tube that is burned very hot cannot be contacted with cold water immediately or rinsed with cold water (to prevent explosion)

(2) Solid heating: The mouth of the test tube is slightly oblique to the lower jaw, and the medicine should be flat at the bottom of the test tube. To prevent condensate water from refluxing and bursting the test tube)

When heating the solid in the test tube, you should first move the alcohol lamp to heat evenly at the bottom of the test tube, and then fix the alcohol lamp to heat it in a concentrated area with medicine. (Prevent the test tube from exploded)

(1) Washing instrument: test tube brush

(2) Standard: The water attached to the surface of the washed glass instrument does not accumulate into water droplets or become glued.

(3) Place: Place the washed test tubes inverted on the test tube rack and dry

Use a rubber plug with a catheter to tighten the test tube, place the catheter into a beaker containing water and hold the test tube tightly below the water surface; if there are bubbles on the catheter, the device will not leak air; if there is no such phenomenon, the device will leak air.

(1) Inadvertently dip the acid solution on the skin, rinse it immediately with more water (if it is agricultural sulfuric acid, it must be quickly used for the cloth to absorb it, and then rinse it with a lot of water), and then apply 3%~% hydrogen carbonate Sodium solution.

(2) Inadvertently dip the alkali solution on the skin, rinse with more water, and then apply 2% spoon of boric acid solution.

(3) Once the acid or alkali solution is splashed into the eyes, rinse it with distilled water immediately (and do not rub your eyes with your hands). Blink your eyes frequently when washing. If necessary, ask a doctor to check and rinse it.

①There is too little water and NaCl cannot completely dissolve

② If there is too much water, the filtration and evaporation time will be long, and resources will be wasted.

① Filter paper is tightly attached to the funnel (accelerate the filtration speed).

②The edge of the filter paper is lower than the edge of the funnel (prevent liquid from spilling)

③ The liquid level is lower than the edge of the filter paper (to prevent unclear filtration).

④The lower end of the funnel is close to the inner wall of the beaker (to speed up the filtration speed and prevent splashing).

⑤The glass rod is lightly against the three-layer filter paper (to prevent the filter paper from being damaged and the filtrate is not clean)

⑥ The tip of the beaker that holds the filtrate. Close to the glass rod (drain to prevent spilling)

① Use a glass rod to heat it evenly to prevent splashing

*At the end, when a large amount of solids precipitate, they are evaporated to dryness using waste heat.

1. Weighing: ① No peeling was removed when weighing coarse salt

2. Dissolution: ① The amount of water is too low, resulting in the incomplete dissolution of NaCl

② The dissolution time is short, resulting in the incomplete dissolution of NaCl

③Beaker, filter residue, glass rod not washed during filtration

④ Evaporation begins before filtration

4. Evaporation: ①. Liquid splashes during evaporation.

5. Weighing: ① When transferring objects, there are solid residues in the evaporation dish and glass rod.

1. The flame of the candle changes from small to large

2. The degree of light and darkness of the flame is different

3. There is water mist on the inner wall of the conical bottle

4. The ignited wooden strips stick into the conical bottle containing the candle product and immediately extinguish.

5. Pour the lime water into the conical bottle containing the candle product and becomes turbid.

Experiment name: Exploring the burning products of candles

1. Experimental purpose: Explore what the candle burning product is

2. Experimental principle:

3. Experimental supplies: candles, matches, clarified lime water, wooden strips, conical bottles, rubber plugs

4. Experimental steps and phenomena

5. Experimental conclusion: The candle burning products are CO₂ and H₂O.

Nitrogen

oxygen

Rare gases

①Full amount of red phosphorus

②The device has good airtightness.

③Isotherm before and after the reaction.

O₂ accounts for about 1/5 of the air volume.

O₂ content is greater than 1/5

O₂ content is less than 1/5