MindMap Gallery Community
The knowledge points have been summarized and organized, and they can be directly focused on the key points. They can be used as study notes and review materials. I hope they can help high school students in biology♡ Students in need can collect it.
Edited at 2025-03-07 12:29:26Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Community
structure
Species composition (It is an important feature that distinguishes different communities) (It is the most important factor that determines the nature of the community)
Species richness: the number of species in a community (a measure of richness)
Dominant species
Features: Large number of individuals, high biomass, and strong living ability
Different dominant species in different communities
The same community has different advantages due to seasons, human activities, etc.
Dominant species are not the only ones in different communities
Interspecies relationship
Original cooperation (reciprocity): Both parties benefit from living together, and they can live independently after separation
Mutual benefit symbiosis: living together is interdependent, and after separation, it is generally not allowed to live independently (lichens, legumes and rhizobia)
parasitic
in vivo
Body appearance
prey
Interspecies competition
"Life and Death": The competitiveness is very different
"One rises and the other falls": Competitive ability is equivalent
Space structure
Vertical structure: In the vertical direction, most communities have obvious stratification (common)
The stratification of plants is related to the use of light
Significance: Significantly improves the community's ability to utilize sunlight and other environmental resources
Creates a variety of habitats and food conditions for animals. Therefore, animals also have stratification
Horizontal structure
Features: Inserted distribution
Factors
Biological factors: The differences in the growth characteristics of organisms, the influence of humans and animals
Abiotic factors: changes in terrain, differences in soil moisture and salinity, differences in light intensity
Seasonality: migration, hibernation, summer sleep
Ecological niche
The status or role of a species in a community, including its spatial location, its resource occupation, its relationship with other species, etc.
(Indicates the minimum threshold for the ecological environment necessary for each organism in the ecosystem to survive)
Nickel width: the sum of various resources used by a organism
Study the relationship between animals’ niches: habitat, food, natural enemies and other species
Studying plant niches: frequency of occurrence, population density, plant height and its relationship with other species
Every creature occupies a relatively stable ecological niche
Significance: It is conducive to the full use of environmental resources of different organisms
It is the result of the co-evolution between species and between organisms and the environment in communities
△Study the abundance of small and small animal groups in soil
method
Sampler sampling method
How to collect insect traps
Insects become darker and wet avoid high temperature
Alcohol: Kill and fix small animals, prevent rot, and facilitate preservation
Gauze: Prevent small animals from being sucked away and collect them into test tubes
statistics
method
Denouncement calculation method
Visual estimation method
The number of species in the community can be counted (richness) To count the relative number of species in the community (dominant species)
Observation: It is best to use a stereomicroscope
Main types
Artificial biome
Natural biome
Land biome
Desert biome
Appearance: bare gravel, extremely sparse vegetation
Distribution: Extremely arid areas
Features: There are few species and the community structure is very simple
Biology: Characteristic drought tolerance
Plants have thick fleshy stems (water storage), leaves are needle-shaped, and stomata only open at night (reduces transpiration)
There are keratinous scales outside the epidermis of reptiles (reduces moisture evaporation) Changes in body temperature
Grassland Biome
Appearance: Herbs lay to the sky like a carpet
Distribution: Areas with uneven rainfall in different years or seasons in semi-arid areas
Features: There are few species of animals and plants, and the community structure is relatively simple
biology
plant
Drought-born perennial herbs dominate
Narrow leaves, with hairy or waxy layers on the surface, which can resist drought
Animals: Most of them have the characteristics of digging holes (burrowing) or running quickly
Forest biome
Appearance: lush trees, canopy covers the sky
Distribution: Wet or more humid areas
Features: The community structure is very complex and relatively stable
biology
The stems of Yin-born plants are thin, with thin leaves, thin cell walls, and underdeveloped mechanical tissue (favorable for light transmission) The chloroplast particles are large and dark green (favorable to absorb light energy)
There are many species of animals that live in arborism and climbing
Water biome
Wetland biome: rich in animal and plant species, aquatic and terrestrial organisms
Marine biome
Freshwater biome
succession (Advantage substitution)
type
Newborn substitution
Stage: bare rock stage → lichen stage → moss stage → herb stage → shrub stage → tree stage (relatively stable)
Features: slow speed, tend to form new communities, and have more stages
Secondary successor
Stage: Herbaceous plant stage → Shrub stage → Tree stage → Forest (abandoned farmland)
Features: Fast speed, tend to restore the original community, and fewer stages
The original soil conditions are basically preserved, and there are even plant seeds or other propagates
Factors
External factors: the introduction of changes in the external environment, human activities
Internal causes: the development and changes of the relationship between populations within communities, the migration of organisms and the migration of organisms
Human activities: often make community succession proceed in a direction and speed different from natural succession
Deforestation, overgrazing, sewage discharge rivers
Prevention and control measures: Close mountains and cultivate forests, control deserts, manage grasslands, and establish artificial communities