- statistics have shown that trauma affects over 50% children in poverty regions. 在黑人社区中，（1）community violence: 1-2年级84%观察过，21%亲历；5-6年级90%观察过，35%亲历；孩子self report results are even higher compared to family reports statistics；观察过inter-parental violence的孩子和亲历sexual abuse的孩子的数量为女性11%，男性3.9%

- mechanisms underlying trauma involve environmental factors - e.g. how often you witness or are immersed in a high-aggression-level community/family; core focus of the field include: (1) is there a critical period for trauma vulnerability? (2) how deterministic is the exposure (to violence) causing the trauma? (3) 在一个age 有的exposure只会影响这一个stage，还是会影响over time?

- the consequences, and the current problems need to be addressed by the medical field, includes (1) the primary and secondary disturbances (e.g. anxiety/depression -> bedwetting, verbalization, socialization, etc) (2) polyvictimization: (1) sadness => 你会得trauma/PTSD和depression, anxiety, ... (2) anger => 你会成为下一个施暴者：aggression (even crime：如此（1）启发：现行刑法的焦点应该是惩罚犯罪人，还是究其犯罪根源更正结构性问题以“预防”；给出证据：法文和支持各法文的research evidence)；（2）《头脑特工队》analogy来游戏化（直接理解，甚至无需刻意记忆）the consequences : anger and sadness

- 逻辑：（1）需根解损 x 多模型（eg biological-ecological model to understand the types of violence；头脑特工队to understand the types of polyvictimization consequences）（2）推：（a）代入视角：我们现在作为clinical practitioners可以做哪些，作为法律人可以做哪些，现在领域的核心debates分别需要“哪些学科、从业者”来解决，“具体”如何行为？

- （1）spatial maps (big T, small T), definition (experiences: disruptive ‘feelings’ -> long term ‘negative effects’ -> change of the ‘view’to the world)

- (2) symptoms

- => 一，现行问题（1）statistics: (a) community violence: 1-2年级的学生84%观看过暴力，21%经历；5-6年级的学生90%观看过，35%经历过；（b) 父母并非完全了解孩子（健康及在校经历）状况; (c) inter-parental violence: Fantuzzo et al. : official police records of IPV witness among children (6-7% also abused in episode）

- =>逻辑：从biological model 外围（community）到内环（family）; (d) sexual abuse (11% girls self report, 3.9% boys self report）=> CA: self report不排除渴求注意力而夸大

- => 问题： （1）不同数据库的指数不同？（definition, informant, …=> 为何在科学中普遍，如何解决）

- 二，实验方法：我们的结果可信吗？（1）demand characteristcis (causes and solutions => 具体的案例：有没有实验因为做了某artificial settings / information disclosure当中的问题：导致了dc导致了findings invalidity，导致了严重后果？）

- 三，根源 (1) expectable vs deviation from the expectable 应该如何；(2) age-atypical events（critical, sensitive periods); (3) threat vs deprivation

- 四，介质 (1) temperament - shy/anxious (internalize => sadness); hyperactive/aggressive (violence => anger)

- impacts - Margolin, G. and E. B. Gordis (2000). "The effects of family and community violence on children." Annual Review of Psychology 51(1): 445-479.

- Newbury et al. (2018): Childhood maltreatment to predict early adult psychopathology

- Mulvihill (2005): chain process impacts of trauma

- prenatal stress's impacts - Glover, V. (2015). Prenatal stress and its effects on the fetus and the child: possible underlying biological mechanisms. Perinatal programming of neurodevelopment, Springer: 269-283.

- neglect vs healthy brains when 3-year-old

- Eamon et al. (2011): impacts of childhood maltreatment: neurobiological and genetic factors

- Erin (2018): peer victimizations's impacts on adolescent brain development

- Cecil et al. (2020): childhood maltreatment and DNA methylation

- CA: Cecil CA, Viding E, Fearon P, Glaser D, McCrory EJ. Disentangling the mental health impact of childhood abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl. 2017 Jan;63:106-119

story: girl with trauma

（1）video —— statistics entering into lives现实：1-2年级84%亲看，5-6年级59%经历。还不止：家庭内部的trauma也在上演 —— 讽刺的self report findings discrepancy ； social functions * 3 & impacts（正面 & 负面），且给出具体的video中的case来visualize，且实验说明了哪些