MindMap Gallery Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a general term for a type of disease that includes multiple types. Arteriolar sclerosis, Monckeberg sclerosis, medial calcification and sclerosis of Mockeberg, atherosclerosis, etc. belong to this category. 55% of these diseases occur in the Western world, and any blood vessel may be affected. Understanding this information can help identify and prevent arteriosclerosis related diseases early, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and ensure physical health.
Edited at 2025-04-28 10:57:26Thyroid diseases are controlled by the hypothalamus pituitary system. Hypothyroidism is common, with over 90% of cases being primary. The symptoms are diverse and affect the quality of life of patients. The incidence of thyroid nodules is relatively high, and some nodules are at risk of malignant tumors. Understanding the pathogenesis, symptoms, and risks of thyroid diseases can help with early diagnosis and treatment, improve patient health, and reduce the adverse effects of the disease.
Atherosclerosis is a general term for a type of disease that includes multiple types. Arteriolar sclerosis, Monckeberg sclerosis, medial calcification and sclerosis of Mockeberg, atherosclerosis, etc. belong to this category. 55% of these diseases occur in the Western world, and any blood vessel may be affected. Understanding this information can help identify and prevent arteriosclerosis related diseases early, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and ensure physical health.
A mind map is like a lighthouse of medical knowledge, illuminating the path of identifying appendicitis for different populations. From the special manifestations of pediatric mesenteric glandular inflammation, to the different symptom characteristics of adult females, adults, and elderly people, and to the complex situations such as possible accompanying intestinal obstruction, they have all been carefully sorted out. Doctors can use this to accurately diagnose the condition, and patients can also have a clearer understanding of their own health status. It has important guiding significance in the medical field, like a compass on a voyage, providing precise direction for the diagnosis of appendicitis.
Thyroid diseases are controlled by the hypothalamus pituitary system. Hypothyroidism is common, with over 90% of cases being primary. The symptoms are diverse and affect the quality of life of patients. The incidence of thyroid nodules is relatively high, and some nodules are at risk of malignant tumors. Understanding the pathogenesis, symptoms, and risks of thyroid diseases can help with early diagnosis and treatment, improve patient health, and reduce the adverse effects of the disease.
Atherosclerosis is a general term for a type of disease that includes multiple types. Arteriolar sclerosis, Monckeberg sclerosis, medial calcification and sclerosis of Mockeberg, atherosclerosis, etc. belong to this category. 55% of these diseases occur in the Western world, and any blood vessel may be affected. Understanding this information can help identify and prevent arteriosclerosis related diseases early, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and ensure physical health.
A mind map is like a lighthouse of medical knowledge, illuminating the path of identifying appendicitis for different populations. From the special manifestations of pediatric mesenteric glandular inflammation, to the different symptom characteristics of adult females, adults, and elderly people, and to the complex situations such as possible accompanying intestinal obstruction, they have all been carefully sorted out. Doctors can use this to accurately diagnose the condition, and patients can also have a clearer understanding of their own health status. It has important guiding significance in the medical field, like a compass on a voyage, providing precise direction for the diagnosis of appendicitis.
Arteriosclerosis
Types
Arteriolosclerosis
Arterioles are hardening
Of 2 types
Hyaline
found in diabetes
Most Diabetic patients are hypertensice
Non enzymatic glycation of proteins of aterioles wall
Hardening of wall
Afferent arterioles are hardened
Constriction
Less blood supply
RAAS activated
HTN
Volume retention
Chronically Kidney damaged
Decreased GFR
Glomerular scarring
In essential HTN
Idiopathic
Adaptive change in arterioles
Plasma proteins leak through walls
Pink color hyaline will be visible in pathological slides in arterioles walls Hyaline is a protein is being deposited in wall and it reduce the lumen
Protein(hyalin leaks), deposits in wall and calliber decreases
Distal portion
Ischemia
Pink in mucroscope
Hyperplastic
Accutely BP increased
Secondary cause
HTN energency
Or malignant HTN
BP damages Organs
Blood vessles will adapt
Cells and prteins increase in wall
Lumen will decrease
Onion skin appearance
Smooth muscle cells will proliferate
AKI seen
Flea bitten appearance seen
Monckeberg sclerosis
Mockeberg medial calcific sclerosis
Tunica media involved
Lumen will not decrease here
Only the vessel hardens
Organ has good blood supply
No ischemia
Incidental findings on
Xray Mammogram
White area
Should be differentiated from malgnancy
In Xray pipe stem appearance seen
Asymptomatic
Atheroclerosis
55 percent diseases occur in western world
Any blood vessel can be involved
coronary artery canbe involved
After 70% obstruction symotoms occur
Angina
Very common
Subtopic
Elastic arteries involved
Large and medium vessels
Involved sites
Abdominal aorta
then coronoary artery
Then popliteal artery
Then carotid
Then circle of villus
MCA obstructed
Facial paralysis
Most common involved
Risk factors
Modifiable
HTN
Smoking
dyslipidemia or hypercholestrolimia
DM
Non modifiable
Age
MAle gender
Estrogens protect females
But after menopause the incidence is similar to male
Family history
Symptoms
Angina
Claudication
Pathogenesis
Endothelial dysfunction
Blood vessel intimal layer
Damaged
Endothelium damaged
LDL cross blood vessel and appear in intima
From childhood small amount deposit
This LDL will undergo oxidation from free radicles
Cholestrol plaques begin to form in intima
Lipid and macrophages will accumulate
atheroclerotic plaque form
Which now continue to expand
Or atheroma
Center has lipids
Sides has fibromucular cap
Dystrophic calcification also occur
Adhesion molecules exposed
Monocytes attach and enter into intima
Called diapedesis
Oxidized LDL is taken by macrophages
Become foamed macrophages
Molecules are then sc\ecreted for more recruitment of monocytes
May rupture and leak cholestrol
Fatty streak
From side it is covered by smoth muscle cells
Fibrous plaque formed
Calcification occur in this
Complex atheroma
Undergo apoptosis and necrosis
Form cap of atheroma
Obstruct blood vessels
Mediated by PDGF and FDF
Extracellular matrix deposits
Endothelium will give adhesion molecules
Complications
Ischemia
MI Stroke
Subtopic
Blood vessels derive O2 from blood
O2 decresed
Blood vessels weakens
When BP inrease
Increased chances of ballooning
Aneurysm
Peripheral vacular disease
Plaque can rupture
Thrombus may form
Embolism
Hardening of arteries
Thickening of wall
Loss of elasticity
HTN
Benign
Asymtomatic
Most of the cases
Malignant
Pappiloedema
ARF
HEadache
Treated immediately