Representative: Gersel

Core viewpoint: maturity, natural maturity, order

Preschool education enlightenment: - Respect the natural laws of children's development and do not blindly conduct education and training in advance - Provide children with activities and environments that are appropriate to their maturity levels

Theoretical limitations: overemphasizing the role of biological maturity and relatively neglecting the impact of environment and education on children's development

Classic experiment/case: twin ladder climbing experiment, identical twins, one trains ladder climbing in advance, and the other trains according to the natural maturity rhythm. As a result, the child who has a mature time can quickly catch up with or even exceed the advanced training.

Rematuration of biooriented

Representative: Watson

Core viewpoint: environmental determination, stimulation - reaction, external plastic

Preschool education enlightenment: - Pay attention to the creation of the environment and provide children with a rich and positive stimulating environment - Shape children's good behavioral habits through purposeful environmental arrangements and educational activities

Theoretical limitations: Totally deny the child's own subjective initiative and the role of genetic factors is too extreme

Classic experiment/case: Little Albert experiment, through stimulation pairing, Little Albert is afraid of the jealous mouse that was not afraid of

Environmental orientation and external moulding

Representative: Bronfenbrenner

Core view: ecosystem, multi-layer environment, interactive impact

Preschool education enlightenment: - Focus on the entire ecosystem in which children develop, including the interactions between families, kindergartens, communities, etc. - Strengthen the connection and cooperation between different environments to create a harmonious and supportive development environment for children

Theoretical limitations: The theoretical system is relatively grand. In practical operation and research, it is difficult to accurately grasp and measure the complex interactions between various systems.

Classic experiment/case: No specific classic experiment, more of a theory is constructed through observation and analysis of children in different social and ecological environments.

Social ecological orientation focuses on multi-layer environmental interaction influence

Representative: Piaget

Core viewpoint: cognitive structure, assimilation adaptation, stage development

Preschool education enlightenment: - Provide learning materials and activities that meet the stage of children's cognitive development to promote active exploration of children - Encourage children to develop cognitive structures through assimilation and compliance in their interactions with the environment

Theoretical limitations: The classification of the stages of children's cognitive development may be too absolute, and to a certain extent underestimate the speed of children's cognitive ability development

Classic experiment/case: conservation experiment, such as liquid conservation, children have different judgments on whether the liquid volume is conserved at different stages

Cognitive orientation focuses on active cognitive construction