1. Ancient simple medical humanism Promote doctors to care, sympathize, and pity patients, and provide patients with the greatest help Confucianism: Benevolent people love others Mohism: universal love and mutual benefit "Huangdi Neijing": Medicine is the art of benevolence "Hippocratic Oath": No matter where I go, whether I meet men or women, nobles or slaves, my only purpose is to benefit the sick.

2. Medical humanitarianism in feudal society Representative figures: Zhang Zhongjing, Sun Simiao, Chen Shigong, etc. Zhang Zhongjing: The upper level is used to cure the illnesses of the king and relatives, and the lower level is used to save the poor and humble. Sun Simiao: To universally rescue the suffering of souls, patients should be treated equally

3. The formation and development of humanism after the Renaissance (1) Humanistic period (2) Humanitarian period (3) Humanistic period

4. The difference and connection between general humanitarianism and medical humanitarianism Contact: Medical humanitarianism is the specific embodiment and development of general humanitarianism in the medical field. Both emphasize respect for human dignity, value, rights and personality. Differences: (1) The applicable fields and scopes of the two are different: medical humanitarianism is applicable to medical practice, and general humanitarianism is applicable to the social field. (2) The two have different backgrounds: medical humanism emerged with the emergence of the medical profession, while general humanism emerged during the Middle Ages and Renaissance in the context of the bourgeoisie’s opposition to feudal autocracy and religious theology. (3) The goals pursued by the two are different (essential difference): the only goal pursued by medical humanitarianism is the moral goal (universal ethics), which is common, universal, and universal for all mankind; while the main pursuit of general humanitarianism is political Goal (political ethics), with class, particularity, and nationality

1. Noble people (valuing people as valuable): Affirming the subject status of people, respecting personal will and rights, establishing the moral subject and laying the theoretical foundation for medical ethics. Confucianism: Human beings are precious between heaven and earth "Huang Di Nei Jing": The sky covers the earth, all things are prepared, nothing is more valuable than others

2. Zunsheng (respect life) Sun Simiao: Human life is as important as a thousand pieces of gold. "Huangdi Neijing": Human emotions are all about hating death and rejoicing in life Feuerbach: Life is man’s highest treasure, life itself is happiness

3. lover Care, understand, love and help patients. Confucius: A benevolent man, if he wants to establish himself, he can establish others; if he wants to achieve himself, he can help others. Mencius: I am an old person and I am an old person; a young person and I am a young person and I am an old person. Fan Zhongyan: Worry first when the world is worried, then rejoice when the world is happy

1. Egalitarian view of justice "Equal equality between rich and poor, equality between high and low", "Killing all will not equal the peace", "Don't worry about the scarcity but the inequality", either the rich or the poor. It takes harmony and unity as its value orientation, but suppresses the advancement of the strong. and pioneering.

2. Retributivist view of justice He advocated "life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand", "I will not offend others unless they offend me, but if they offend me, I will offend them." This view of justice pays attention to human dignity, but is prone to indiscriminate revenge and causes more and greater injustice and harm.

3. Hierarchical view of justice It is believed that life is destined and wealth is in heaven. We should abide by the hierarchy of superiority and inferiority, and everyone should be in their proper place. They are not allowed to resist, and tend to be stable and peaceful, but at the expense of the interests of the oppressed class.

4. Utilitarian view of justice It advocated rewards based on merit, distribution according to work, those who did not work did not get food, focused on efficiency and interests, and ignored the personal dignity of the weak.

5. Humanitarian justice concept It is believed that people are born equal, and everyone should equally enjoy political, economic, employment, education, medical and health rights, affirming people's value and happiness, and helping to protect the weak. Humanitarian justice is the best choice for medical ethics.

1. Concept of equality Equality is the similarity between people related to the acquisition of benefits; inequality is the difference between people related to the acquisition of benefits. Identity: The benefits obtained are the same; the sources of benefits obtained are the same.

2. Specific principles of equality (1) Egalitarian view of equality: Focusing on equality of end points and distribution, and ignoring equality of starting points and opportunities; it is beneficial to social stability, but it can easily lead to a situation where everyone eats from one big pot. (2) The liberal concept of equality: focuses on equal rights and opportunities, advocates that everyone has an equal starting point for competition, and acquiesces to the inequality of the end point; it is conducive to stimulating individual enthusiasm, but not conducive to social stability. (3) Marxist concept of equality: It not only advocates equality of rights and opportunities, advocates an equal starting point for competition, but also advocates equality in process and distribution, jointly abide by the rules of the game, and opposes polarization.

3. The connotation of equality in medical ethics Equal treatment equal treatment

1. Comprehensive inspection of service objects in their environment Diagnosis and treatment of patients should take into account their environmental background (natural environment and social environment) Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must protect the environment When diagnosing and treating diseases, the patient’s living environment must be considered

2. Consider the service recipient as a whole

3. View disease and service needs from a holistic perspective