MindMap Gallery Organic Chemistry Mind Map
This is a mind map about organic chemistry. This mind map summarizes some knowledge points about compound identification in organic chemistry. It is relatively comprehensive and can help you improve your learning efficiency.
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identify
Alkenes
1. KMNO4 method
The double bond reacts with the acidic or alkaline aqueous solution of KMNO4, causing KMNO4 to fade.
In neutral or alkaline media, dark brown MnO2 precipitates.
2. Br2/CCl4 method
The double bond causes the reddish-brown color of bromine to recede
3. Cold concentrated H2SO4 method
The double bond reacts with cold concentrated sulfuric acid to make the mixture homogeneous
Alkynes
1. KMNO4/H2SO4 method
Unsaturated bonds make potassium permanganate fade away from its purple color
Terminal alkynes release carbon dioxide
2. Br2/CCl4 method
The unsaturated bond causes the red-brown color of bromine water to fade away
3. Ag(NH3)2
The terminal alkyne reacts with it to produce silver acetylene precipitation (white)
4. Cu(NH3)2 method
The terminal alkyne reacts with it to form a copper alkyne precipitate (brown-red)
Cyclopropane
Br2/CCl4 method
Cyclopropane and its hydrocarbon derivatives react with bromine in carbon tetrachloride solution to cause the reddish-brown color of bromine to recede
conjugated diene
1. Carbon tetrachloride method of bromine
2. Potassium permanganate method
3. Cold and concentrated sulfuric acid method
4. Maleic anhydride method
Conjugated diene and maleic anhydride undergo diene synthesis reaction to precipitate solid
Aromatic hydrocarbons
1. CHCl3/AlCl3 method
Benzene, its homologs, and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons turn orange-red after reaction
Naphthalene turns blue after reaction
The reaction between phenanthrene and biphenyl turns red
Anthracene turns green after reaction
2. KMNO4/H2SO4 method
Alkylbenzenes with a-H can discolor potassium permanganate
3. Fuming sulfuric acid method
The reaction between benzene and its alkylbenzene and fuming sulfuric acid makes the reaction solution homogeneous.
Halogenated hydrocarbons
1. AgNO3/EtOH method
Halogenated hydrocarbons (except fluoroalkyl) with only one halogen attached to each carbon can react with the solution to generate AgCl white precipitate, AgBr light yellow precipitate, and AgI yellow precipitate.
Ethylene halogens and alkanes with two or more halogens attached to the same carbon do not have this reaction.
Allyl halogen, 3>2>1> vinyl halogen
RI>RBr>RCl
Allyl benzyl and tertiary halogenated hydrocarbons precipitate immediately at room temperature, primary and secondary halogenated hydrocarbons precipitate when heated, and vinyl-benzene halogenated hydrocarbons do not precipitate when heated.
2. NaI/acetone method
Alkanes bromides and chlorides are treated with this reagent to form NaBr or NaCl precipitates.
Allyl halogen, benzyl halogen>1>2>3>ethylene type
RBr>RCl
alcohol
1. Metal sodium reacts with alcohol to release H2
CH3OH>1OH>2OH>3OH
The increase in the hydrocarbyl part of the molecule reduces the activity
Used to distinguish C3-C8 alcohols from non-alcohols. Alcohols below C3 should not be detected by this method.
2. Lucas reagent (hydrochloric acid ZnCl2)
Reaction speed: allyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol = 3 alcohols > 2 alcohols > 1 alcohols
3OH reacts the fastest and immediately generates chlorinated hydrocarbons that are insoluble in water. They appear turbid and stratified when placed.
It takes several minutes for 2OH to become turbid.
1OH will not cause turbidity in a short period of time
Only suitable for alcohols below C6
3. Chromic anhydride method
1OH and 2OH can be oxidized by this reagent and change from orange-red to green.
Tertiary alcohols without a-H should not show any reaction within 2s, and changes after 2s can be ignored.
4. HIO4 method
Binary or polyvalent o-hydroxyl alcohols, sugars, o-hydroxylamines, a-amino and a-hydroxyketone aldehydes and a-diketones can be oxidized, and then react with AgNO3 to form AgIO3 precipitation (white)
Distinguish between vicinal diols and related compounds
phenol
1. FeCl3 method
Most phenols react with it and turn blue, purple or green
Most nitrophenols, meta- and para-hydroxybenzoic acids are non-color reactive
Some phenols, a-naphthol, b-naphthol, etc. also have no color reaction with them.
If an ethanol solution is used, a positive result will be displayed
2. Br2/H2O method
Phenols discolor bromine water
Phenol reacts with bromine water to form white solid tribromophenol
ether
All ethers are soluble in strong acids and the reaction mixture is homogeneous
aldehydes and ketones
1.2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
The carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones reacts with this reagent to form yellow, orange, orangish-red 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone precipitates.
2.NaHSO3
Aldehydes, cyclic ketones below C8, and aliphatic methyl ketones can react with the saturated solution to produce white crystals
3. Iodoform test
Compounds with a specific structure react with I2/NaOH to generate CHI3 crystals (yellow)
Distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
1. Fehling's reagent (Cu(OH)2)
Fatty aldehydes can reduce Fehling's reagent and precipitate yellow to red precipitates.
2. Benedict reagent (Cu(OH)2)
Fatty aldehydes reduce this reagent to form a yellow to red precipitate.
3. Tollen reagent (Ag(NH3)2)OH
The aldehyde encounters Tollen's reagent and forms a silver mirror on the wall of the vessel. also known as silver mirror test
4. Schiff reagent
The aldehydes react with this reagent to produce a purple-red color, and the one that does not fade after adding sulfuric acid is formaldehyde.
carboxylic acid
1. Metal sodium method
Bubbles are produced
2. Alkaline solution method (Na2CO3/NaHCO3)
Bubbles are produced and the clear limewater becomes turbid.
3. Indicator method
pH test paper is acidic in color
Sulfonic acids, certain nitro-substituted phenols also give positive results for these acidic characteristics
Formic acid and oxalic acid also have reducing properties and can make KMnO4/H fade. Formic acid can also give positive results with Tollen reagent.
carboxylic acid derivatives
1. Hydrolysis method
When distilled water is added to the acid halide, it is hydrolyzed immediately, exothermic and hydrogen halide is released. When silver nitrate solution is added, it precipitates again to form
Acid anhydride is added dropwise to distilled water. It sinks first and then hydrolyzes after a while.
Add distilled water to esters and amides at room temperature and separate into layers without any obvious phenomenon.
When NaOH solution is added, the ester separates from it and becomes homogeneous (no separation) after heating.
Adding NaOH to the amide also separates into layers. After heating for a few minutes, it becomes a homogeneous phase, and NH3 is produced at the same time.
Test with red litmus paper
Substituted amides produce no NH3
2. Iron hydroxamate test
Acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, amides react with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and are treated with FeCl3 to turn red to purple.
N-substituted amides are unreactive
If it is an aromatic amide, NH2OH·HCl may not be used, but H2O2 may be used to oxidize hydroxamic acid.
Nitro compounds
1. Nitrous acid
Any nitro group containing a-H can react
Tertiary nitroalkane does not react
Primary amines produce red and secondary amines produce blue.
2. NaOH method
Dissolve aromatic nitro compounds in ethanol and acetone, and add 10%-20% NaOH solution
Mononitrobenzene does not produce color
The benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups has a blue-purple color
If there are amino groups, substituted amino groups or hydroxyl groups in the molecule, it will inhibit the formation of the characteristic red and purple colors.
amine
1. Nitrous acid method
Primary amines give off nitrogen gas
Secondary amines produce yellow oil or solid
Tertiary amines form green crystals
2.Hinsberg method
Primary amines form white solids, which are soluble in NaOH
Secondary amines form white solids that are insoluble in NaOH.
Tertiary amines are unreactive (soluble in acids)
3. CuSO4 method
Usually produces a dark blue to blue-green solution with divalent copper
Heterocyclic compounds
1. Identification of pyrrole, furan and their derivatives - pine wood chip method
Furan reacts with HCl-impregnated pine wood chips and turns green
Pyrrole reacts with HCl-infiltrated pine wood chips to produce red color
2. Identification of thiophene and its derivatives-isatin method
Thiophene indigo turns blue under concentrated sulfuric acid
sugar
1. Formation method
Sugar with a specific structure can react with excess phenylhydrazine when heated in a water bath to form yellow crystals--
2. HIO4-AgNO3 method
Alcohol part
3. Identification of reducing sugars
Tollen's reagent
Reducing sugar Tollen's reagent produces silver mirror precipitate
Feeling reagent
Reducing sugar Fehling's reagent, heated to generate brick red city store
Benedict's reagent method
Reducing sugar Benedict's reagent, heating produces brick red precipitate
4. The difference between ketose and aldose
(1) Resorcinol method
Ketose and resorcinol solution react to form a bright red precipitate
(2) Bromine water method
Aldose can discolor bromine water
5. The difference between sugar and non-sugar substances-Molich test
Both sugar substances and Molich reagent develop color, and a purple ring appears.
6. Starch identification-iodine solution method
Starch solution I2-KI generates blue, becomes colorless when heated, and returns to blue when cooled
amino acids, proteins
1. Ninhydrin test
Any substance containing free amino groups can react with ninhydrin to develop a blue-purple color
Proline, hydroxyproline, and o-, m-, and p-aminobenzoic acids all produce yellow color
Ammonium salts produce blue-violet, and some amines (aniline) produce orange-red
2. Millon reaction
Amino acids (tyrosine) and proteins (tyrosine groups) containing phenolic hydroxyl groups react with Millon to form a brick-red precipitate.
3. Yellow protein reaction
Amino acids (tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine) and proteins containing benzene rings will produce yellow precipitate or yellow solution when boiled with concentrated nitric acid.
4. Second urinary reaction
For polypeptides and proteins with two or more special structures, add 20% NaOH aqueous solution, then add dilute CuSO4, boil, and a purple-red precipitate will form.
5. HNO2 test-VanSlyke amino determination method
Alpha-amino acids containing free amino groups, primary amines, and amides can react with nitrous acid to release nitrogen gas.