MindMap Gallery Pharmacology Chapter 2 Pharmacokinetics
This is a mind map about Chapter 2 Pharmacokinetics. The main contents include: Section 3 The rate process of drugs, Section 2 The process of drugs in the body, and Section 1 Transmembrane transport of drugs.
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Chapter 2 Pharmacokinetics
Section 1 Transmembrane transport of drugs
Drug processes in the body, such as absorption, distribution, and excretion, must pass through various biological membranes
Passive transport
The diffusion process of drugs from the high concentration side to the low concentration side
1.Transport along the concentration difference
2. No carrier required
3. No need to consume energy
4. Non-dissociable drugs with small molecular weight, high lipid solubility, small polarity are easy to be transported
active transport
Drugs are transported from the side with low concentration to the side with high concentration
1. Transport against concentration difference
2. A carrier is required, and the carrier is differentiated and selective for drugs
3. Consume energy
4. Competitive inhibition exists
5. Has saturation phenomenon
Other transportation
Dissimilatory diffusion, endocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis
Section 2 The process of drugs in the body
1. Absorption of drugs
The process by which the administered portion of a drug enters the blood circulation
1. Route of administration
Intravenous injection and intravenous drip directly enter the blood circulation
Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection absorbed through capillary walls
Some fat-soluble drugs are absorbed through the skin
Oral drugs are absorbed through the small intestine, and a few acidic drugs can be absorbed in the stomach
2. Other factors
Drug physical and chemical properties
The smaller the drug molecule, the higher the fat solubility or the less polar it is, the easier it is to absorb
Dosage form of drug
Different dosage forms, different routes of administration, and different absorption rates
Absorb the environment
Drug absorption area, blood circulation, local environmental pH, gastric emptying speed, intestinal motility speed
2. Distribution of drugs
After the drug is absorbed, it reaches various organs of the body through blood circulation.
1. Plasma protein binding rate of drugs
The percentage of drug binding to plasma proteins in the blood indicates the degree of drug binding to plasma proteins
2.Body fluid pH value
Under physiological conditions, the pH of the extracellular fluid is 7.4 and the pH of the intracellular fluid is 7.0. Weakly acidic drugs are easy to dissociate in the extracellular fluid and are difficult to enter the intracellular fluid. The opposite is true for weakly alkaline drugs.
3. Affinity of drugs and tissues
When continuous administration of drugs reaches a dynamic equilibrium between the blood drug concentration and the concentration in the tissues, the drug concentrations in each tissue are not equal, and the blood drug concentration and the concentration in the tissues are also not equal. This is due to the different affinity of the drug to each tissue.
4. Blood flow to organs
Organs with rich blood flow such as the liver, kidneys, brain, and lungs distribute the drug faster, while the skin, fat, etc. distribute slowly.
5. Barriers in the body
blood brain barrier
placental barrier
blood eye barrier
3. Metabolism of drugs
Changes in chemical structure and pharmacological activity of drugs in the body
1. Drug metabolism mode
Under the catalysis of enzymes, there are four ways: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and combination.
2.Drug metabolizing enzyme system
Specific enzyme: a specific enzyme that metabolizes a specific chemical structural group
Non-specific enzyme: non-specific enzyme, which is the liver microsomal mixed function oxidase system, also known as liver drug enzyme or drug enzyme
3. Induction and inhibition of medicinal enzymes
Pharmaceutical enzyme inducers
drug enzyme inhibitor
4. Excretion of drugs
The process by which the original form of a drug or its metabolites is eliminated from the body through the excretory or secretory organs.
1. Kidney excretion
Renal drug excretion mode
glomerular filtration
tubular secretion
Characteristics of renal excretion of drugs
tubular reabsorption
competitive inhibition
Factors affecting renal excretion of drugs
kidney function
urine pH
2. Bile excretion
3. Intestinal excretion
4. Excretion through other ways
Section 3 The rate process of drugs
1. Practical process of blood drug concentration changes
1. Blood drug concentration-time curve: If the blood drug concentration is the ordinate and time is the abscissa, it is the blood drug concentration-time curve, referred to as the drug-time curve.
2. The significance of the drug time curve
The shape of the drug-time curve: helpful for quantitative analysis of the dynamic change process of drugs in the body
The time period of the drug time curve: reflects the event process of the drug in the body and is affected by the absorption and elimination rate of the drug.
Area under the curve: reflects the relative amount of drug entering the systemic circulation and is proportional to the relative cumulative amount of drug absorbed into the blood circulation.
2. Basic parameters and significance of pharmacokinetics
(1) Bioavailability
(2) Apparent distribution volume
(3) House model
(4) Elimination dynamics
(5) Half-life
(6) Clearance rate
(7) Steady-state blood drug concentration
Absorption degree: inhalation, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, sublingual and rectal, followed by oral administration
Absorption rate: (from fast to slow) Inhalation Intramuscular Injection Subcutaneous Injection Sublingual and Rectal Oral Mucocutaneous Injection