Pathophysiology - pathogenesis of diabetes

This is a mind map about the pathogenesis of diabetes. The pathogenesis of diabetes is a complex process involving many factors.

Edited at 2023-12-17 14:56:07

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Pathophysiology - pathogenesis of diabetes

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Outline

Have a meal

Blood sugar↑↑

acute complications

Eye

Blood sugar rises too fast, and the osmotic pressure of the aqueous humor and lens changes, resulting in refractive changes.

Blurred vision

Metabolic disorders

Itchy skin (especially vulva)

Exchange energy for energy supply, mobilize the decomposition of fat to replace blood sugar

Weight loss (fatigue) [insufficient storage]

Fat cannot be used directly, it must be converted into blood lipids for use

Blood lipids↑↑

Vascular disease

Large arteries: atherosclerotic lesions

Arterioles: retinal and renal vasculopathy

The origin of chronic complications of diabetes

Must be converted into ketones to function

Acetoacetate

beta-hydroxybutyric acid

acetone

Acidosis: DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)

Kidney (to be excreted through the kidneys)

When glucose reabsorption reaches its limit, it will increase osmotic pressure in urine and act as an osmotic diuretic like mannitol.

polyuria

water loss

Thirst, polydipsia

Increased burden on kidneys

diabetic nephropathy

Blood sugar is too high↑↑↑, excessive urination, lack of water

hyperosmolar coma

Type II diabetes

Insulin utilization defects, low tissue acceptance of insulin, and resistance to insulin are not a problem with the insulin itself, but are manifested as a decrease in insulin function. Then due to tolerance, more and more insulin must be secreted to satisfy the body, pancreatic beta cells We have to work twice as hard to secrete more insulin, but it has a limit. If it is not enough, there is nothing we can do about it. It is not that there is no insulin, but just a little bit is missing, resulting in a relative lack of insulin. However, pancreatic islet cells will be exhausted if they are in a long-term high-load working state. Over time, pancreatic islet β-cells change from a healthy state to a declining state. The function of pancreatic islet β-cells continues to decline, from a relative lack of insulin to an absolute deficiency. (Finally, insulin replacement therapy is required)

type 1 diabetes

Absolute deficiency of insulin, no more insulin

insulin

pancreatic beta cells

Reduce blood sugar↓↓

Direct Utilization: Immediately converts it into energy ATP and supplies it to tissue cells for metabolic activities.

Short-term storage: If it is not used temporarily and blood sugar is high, it will be converted into liver glycogen and muscle glycogen to provide energy when blood sugar drops but no food is taken in. Muscle glycogen provides energy to muscles.

Convert to fat: When there is a large amount of excess glucose that is not used, a large part of it will be converted into fat. Therefore, losing weight means reducing sugar intake. This is how a sugar-free diet comes about. So fat is also formed directly.

Inhibits glycogen conversion: Inhibits hepatic glucose production

It is difficult to lower blood sugar, poor utilization of blood sugar, insufficient energy ATP cannot be produced, and glycogen, fat and even protein have not accumulated.