Immune defense: The body's ability to recognize and eliminate antigenic foreign matter such as pathogenic microorganisms. An excessively high reaction or a long-lasting reaction can cause tissue damage or functional abnormalities in the body while clearing the antigen, leading to a hypersensitivity reaction; an excessively low or insufficient reaction can lead to immunodeficiency diseases.

Immune stability: The body's immune system uses immune tolerance and immune regulation mechanisms to promptly identify and remove damaged or aging cells and maintain the homeostasis of the internal environment. Dysfunction of immune stability can lead to autoimmune diseases

Immune surveillance: The body's function of identifying and eliminating mutant cells and virus-infected cells in the body. Low immune surveillance function is prone to malignant tumors or persistent viral infections

With the development of immunology and the continuous advent of new vaccines, the scope of immune prevention has been further expanded, and the goal of health care for everyone proposed by the World Health Organization is gradually being realized.

Immunological research has revealed many clinical diseases of unknown origin and clarified the mechanism of transplant rejection. At the same time, immunological methods have been applied to find suitable donors to prevent and control the occurrence of transplant rejection and induce transplant tolerance, which has greatly improved The efficacy of allogeneic organ transplantation; various serological methods have been established, which have the advantages of specificity, high sensitivity, qualitative, quantitative, and localization, and are therefore widely used in the diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of various clinical diseases; to Antibody-based targeted therapy, cytokine therapy, immune cell adoptive therapy, gene therapy of immune-related molecules, and molecular vaccines have all achieved positive efficacy in animal experiments and clinical applications, thus providing bright prospects for the prevention and treatment of many diseases.

The research scope of immunology is very broad, involving almost all basic medicine and clinical medicine. With the rapid development of modern immunology, many branches and interdisciplinary subjects have gradually formed, such as immunobiology, immunopathology, immunogenetics, immunopharmacology, immunotoxicology, neuroimmunology, tumor immunology, and transplantation immunology. , reproductive immunology, geriatric immunology, infection immunology, clinical immunology, etc., have injected new vitality into the development of immunology, and have a huge role in promoting the development of medicine and even life sciences.

Concept: Microorganisms are a general term for a group of tiny organisms that exist in nature and are invisible to the naked eye. They must be magnified hundreds, thousands or even tens of thousands of times using an optical microscope or an electron microscope before they can be seen.

Classification

Microorganisms are beneficial and necessary for the survival of humans, animals, and plants, and for the circulation of materials in nature; without microorganisms, plants cannot metabolize, and humans and animals will also find it difficult to survive.

The development process of medical microbiology

Parasite

human parasitology