Dias 1487

Vasco da Gama 1497

Magellan's circumnavigation of the world in 1492: round earth theory

Columbus 1519: Discovered the New World

European trade center moves west to Atlantic coast

The world market begins to take shape, the world begins to establish direct commercial contacts, and the exchange of species begins

The world begins to be connected as a whole, and the concept of the world begins to be established

Impact on Europe: Promoting primitive accumulation of capital and capitalist development

Impact on Africa: Massive outflow of labor, leading to long-term poverty and backwardness

Impact on the Americas: large amounts of cheap labor, promoting the development of large plantation economies

Europe: Promote the accumulation of European original capital

World: The world market gradually takes shape

Colonies: Bringing great suffering, European culture spread to the colonies

Cromwell (dictatorship)

The Glorious Revolution of 1688, the end of the revolution

Protect parliamentary powers

Limitation of royal power (right to inherit the throne)

The gradual formation of a constitutional monarchy

opened the way for the development of capitalism

Have a profound impact on modern world history

Beginning: The Guns of Lexington 1775

"Declaration of Independence" 1776.7.4

Battle of Saratoga 1777

Battle of Yorktown 1781

Content: Separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, separation of powers between the federal government and local governments, president and members elected (separation of powers, checks and balances, establishment of a federal republic)

The world's first bourgeois written constitution

Limitations: Slavery, racial discrimination

Enlightenment: Oppose the "old system" and use the light of reason to dispel the darkness of ignorance

The three-level meeting was held in 1789

Storming the Bastille1789.7.14

Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789

The First French Republic (Jacobin dictatorship, Robespierre)

First French Empire (Napoleon) 1804~1815

"Code Napoleon"

Destroy the French monarchy

Spread bourgeois liberal democratic ideas

Has broad global influence

Establishment of the British constitutional monarchy

The commodity market expands and demand for commodities increases

Jenny Machine (Hargreaves) 1765: Hand Production – Machine Production

Watt's improved steam engine 1785

Stephenson invented the steam locomotive (train) in 1825: transportation is convenient, cheap and fast

Manual workshop-modern factory

Technological Revolution: Improving the level of social productivity (Steam Age)

Social changes: accelerating urbanization, the East is advancing and the West is falling behind, the rise of the international communist movement (the gap between rich and poor is increasing)

Environmental pollution: London’s “smog city”

Background: The miserable situation of workers and the failure of the three major labor movements in Europe

Symbol: The Communist Manifesto 1848

Call on the working class to organize, use violence to overthrow bourgeois rule and establish proletarian power