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MindMap Gallery Chapter 5 Regulation of Plant Life Activities

Chapter 5 Regulation of Plant Life Activities

Biology elective one, summarizes the applications of plant growth hormones and plant growth regulators, Environmental factors participate in regulating plant life activities, etc.

Edited at 2024-01-31 04:57:03

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Chapter 5 Regulation of Plant Life Activities

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Chapter 5 Regulation of Plant Life Activities

Section 1 Plant Growth Hormone

The discovery process of auxin

darwin

After the tip of the coleoptile is stimulated by unilateral light, it transmits some "influence" to the elongation zone below, causing the backlight side of the elongation zone to grow faster than the light side, thus causing the coleoptile to bend toward the light.

paulson jensen

The "influence" produced by the coleoptile tip can be transmitted to the lower part through the agar plate

Bayer

The curved growth of the coleoptile is due to the uneven distribution of the influence produced by the tip on its lower part

Winter

Further proof that the curved growth of coleoptiles is indeed caused by a chemical substance

Thinking that this may be a substance similar to animal hormones, they named this substance auxin

Auxin

chemical nature

indoleacetic acid

Plant hormone

People call these trace organic substances, which are produced in plants and can be transported from the production site to the site of action, and have a significant impact on the growth and development of plants, called phytohormones.

Synthesis, transport and distribution of auxin

synthesis

The main synthesis sites of auxin are buds, young leaves and developing seeds. son

At these sites, tryptophan can be converted into auxin through a series of reactions

transportation

In coleoptiles, buds, young leaves and young roots

Can only be transported from the upper morphological end to the lower morphological end (one-way)

polar transport

in mature organizations

Auxin can be transported nonpolarly through tissues transportation

Physiological effects of auxin

Conveys information to cells and plays a role in regulating cell life activities

in plants

Auxin plays a role in promoting cell elongation and growth and inducing cell differentiation at the cellular level.

at the organ level

Affect the growth and development of organs, such as promoting the occurrence of lateral roots and adventitious roots, affecting the development of flowers, leaves and fruits, etc.

Auxin promotes growth when the concentration is low, and inhibits growth when the concentration is too high.

Low promotion and high suppression

Section 2 Other plant hormones

Types and functions of other plant hormones

Gibberellins

synthetic parts

Young shoots, young roots and immature seeds

main effect

Promote cell elongation, thereby Causes plant growth; promotes cell division and Differentiation; promotes seed germination, flowering and fruiting real development

cytokinin

synthetic parts

Mainly root tip

main effect

Promote cell division; promote bud differentiation, side branch development, and chlorophyll synthesis

Ethylene

synthetic parts

Various parts of plants

main effect

Promote fruit ripening; promote flowering; promote leaf, flower, fruit shedding

abscisic acid

synthetic parts

Root crown, wilted leaves, etc.

main effect

Inhibit cell division; promote stomata closing; promote senescence and abscission of leaves and fruits; maintain seed dormancy

Brassinolide

main effect

Promote the expansion and division of stem and leaf cells, promote pollen tube growth, seed germination, etc.

Plant hormone

Although the content of phytohormones in plants is very small, their role in regulating plant growth and development is very important.

Generally speaking, phytohormones regulate plant growth and development by regulating cell division, cell elongation, cell differentiation and cell death.

Interactions between plant hormones

The growth and development of plants are shaped by the interaction of multiple hormones regulated by a regulatory network

Section 3 Application of Plant Growth Regulators

definition

Chemical substances synthesized artificially and regulating the growth and development of plants are called plant growth regulators

Types and functions of plant growth regulators

Molecular structure and physiological effects are similar to plant hormones

indoleacetic acid

The molecular structure is completely different from that of plant hormones but it has similar physiological effects as plant hormones

α-Cyanacetic acid

chlormequat

Application of plant growth regulators

Comprehensive considerations in selecting appropriate plant growth regulators

Pre-test

Determining the approximate range of effective concentration through preliminary experiments can lay the foundation for determining the optimal concentration.

Preliminary experiments must be carried out as seriously as formal experiments to be meaningful

Section 4 Environmental factors participate in regulating plant life activities

The growth and development of higher plants are regulated by environmental factors

Light, temperature, and gravity are particularly important in regulating plant growth and development.

Regulation of plant growth and development by light

Light is the energy source for plants to perform photosynthesis

Light, as a signal, affects and regulates the entire process of plant growth and development.

Plants have molecules that receive light signals

Phytochrome is one of the

Phytochrome is a type of protein (pigment-protein complex)

Distributed in various parts of plants, most abundant in cells of meristems

When exposed to light, the structure of the phytochrome will change. The information of this change will be transmitted to the cell nucleus through the information transmission system, affecting the expression of specific genes, thus showing biological effects.

Principle of action

Other environmental factors involved in regulating plant life activities

temperature

All physiological activities of plants occur within a certain temperature range

Temperature can participate in regulating the growth and development of plants by affecting life activities such as seed germination, plant growth, flowering and fruiting, and leaf senescence and shedding.

The regional distribution of plants is largely determined by temperature

gravity

Gravity is an important environmental factor that regulates plant growth, development and morphology.

The roots and stems of plants have substances and cells that sense gravity, which can convert gravity signals into signals for transporting auxin, causing uneven distribution of auxin and thus regulating the growth direction of the plant.

Overall regulation of plant growth and development

Higher plants are highly complex organisms composed of many cells. Their normal growth and development require coordination and cooperation between various organs, tissues, and cells.

The regulation of plant growth and development is completed by the regulation of gene expression, hormone regulation and environmental factors.

Plant cells store a complete set of genes, but how the genes in a certain cell are expressed will be adjusted as needed.

The growth, development, reproduction, and dormancy of plants are all under the control of timely and selective expression of genes.

For multicellular plants, coordination between cells and between organs requires the transmission of information through hormones. Hormones, as information molecules, can affect the gene expression of cells and thus play a regulatory role. At the same time, the production and distribution of hormones are the result of gene expression regulation and are also affected by environmental factors.

At the individual level, plant growth, development, reproduction, and dormancy are actually changes in plants that respond to environmental changes, regulate gene expression, and hormone production and distribution, and are ultimately reflected in changes at the organ and individual levels.