MindMap Gallery Organic Chemistry Alkenes Mind Map
Organic chemistry, also known as the chemistry of carbon compounds, is the science that studies the composition, structure, properties, preparation methods and applications of organic compounds. It is an extremely important branch of chemistry.
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This infographic, created using EdrawMax, outlines the pivotal moments in African American history from 1619 to the present. It highlights significant events such as emancipation, key civil rights legislation, and notable achievements that have shaped the social and political landscape. The timeline serves as a visual representation of the struggle for equality and justice, emphasizing the resilience and contributions of African Americans throughout history.
This infographic, designed with EdrawMax, presents a detailed timeline of the evolution of voting rights and citizenship in the U.S. from 1870 to the present. It highlights key legislative milestones, court decisions, and societal changes that have expanded or challenged voting access. The timeline underscores the ongoing struggle for equality and the continuous efforts to secure voting rights for all citizens, reflecting the dynamic nature of democracy in America.
This infographic, created using EdrawMax, highlights the rich cultural heritage and outstanding contributions of African Americans. It covers key areas such as STEM innovations, literature and thought, global influence of music and arts, and historical preservation. The document showcases influential figures and institutions that have played pivotal roles in shaping science, medicine, literature, and public memory, underscoring the integral role of African American contributions to society.
Alkenes
Structure and isomerism of alkenes
CnH2
Blocked π bond rotation leads to geometric isomerism
Cis isomerism: the same groups are on the same side
Trans isomerism: the same groups are on opposite sides
Nomenclature of alkenes
Ethylene (ethene) propylene (propene) isopropylene (isobutene) common nomenclature
IUPAC systematic nomenclature
1. Select the main chain: the longest chain containing double bonds
2. Numbering: Start close to the opposite side of the double bond
Representation method of geometric isomerism:
cis (cis) trans (trans)
Z (priority groups are on the same side) E (priority groups are on both sides)
Determination of priority groups
The isotope with the larger atomic number is preferred, and the isotope with the larger mass is preferred.
If the first atoms are the same, continue the backward comparison until the result is obtained.
Groups containing double or triple bonds are compared according to 2 or 3 single bonds.
Physical properties of alkenes
C2~4 are gases, C5~15 are liquids, and higher olefins are solids
Insoluble in water, easily soluble in organic solvents.
Density less than 1, but slightly greater than the corresponding alkanes
The boiling point increases as the number of atoms increases, and the boiling point decreases as the number of branches increases.
The cis isomer is more polar and has a higher boiling point than the trans form but a lower melting point
chemical properties of alkenes
electrophilic addition reaction
Adding halogen produces o-dihalogenated compounds
Quick response at room temperature
Use bromine in carbon tetrachloride solution to identify alkenes. The solution changes from reddish brown to colorless.
Reactivity order: F Cl Br I
reaction steps
The addition of halogen cations and alkenes produces active intermediates (three-membered ring halide cations). This step is the rate-determining step.
The electronegative part attacks from the back to obtain the trans addition product
Add hydrogen halide to form a halide
reaction process
The order of stability of the generated carbocation: tertiary, secondary, tertiary
Electrophilic addition of asymmetric alkenes always tends to produce more stable carbocation intermediates
Carbocation rearrangement
Tends to produce more stable carbocation intermediates
Concentrated sulfuric acid produces hydrogen sulfate ester
Further decomposition into alcohol is a method to generate alcohol.
Comply with Markov's rules
Reacts with halogen aqueous solution to form α-halohydrin
trans addition
Hydroboration oxidation generates anti-Martensitic addition of primary alcohols
dimerization of olefins
Catalyzed by sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid
Catalytic hydrogenation
Methods for preparing corresponding alkanes from alkenes
cis addition
Exothermic reaction
free radical addition
peroxide effect
free radical polymerization
polyethylene
alpha halogenation reaction
Oxidation of Alkenes
Generate ketones and aldehydes
Infer the original olefin structure based on the product structure
Peroxyacid oxidation generates acids and corresponding alkylene oxides
Industrial sources and uses of olefins
Source: Oil Cracking
Industrial picture: Preparation of polyethylene
Preparation methods of olefins
Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides
Strong alkaline conditions, alcohol solution, heating
alcohol dehydration
Sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid are commonly used as catalysts
Dehalogenation of o-dihalogenated compounds
subtopic