MindMap Gallery pregnancy complications
This is a mind map about complications of pregnancy, including intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, etc.
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This infographic, created using EdrawMax, outlines the pivotal moments in African American history from 1619 to the present. It highlights significant events such as emancipation, key civil rights legislation, and notable achievements that have shaped the social and political landscape. The timeline serves as a visual representation of the struggle for equality and justice, emphasizing the resilience and contributions of African Americans throughout history.
This infographic, designed with EdrawMax, presents a detailed timeline of the evolution of voting rights and citizenship in the U.S. from 1870 to the present. It highlights key legislative milestones, court decisions, and societal changes that have expanded or challenged voting access. The timeline underscores the ongoing struggle for equality and the continuous efforts to secure voting rights for all citizens, reflecting the dynamic nature of democracy in America.
This infographic, created using EdrawMax, highlights the rich cultural heritage and outstanding contributions of African Americans. It covers key areas such as STEM innovations, literature and thought, global influence of music and arts, and historical preservation. The document showcases influential figures and institutions that have played pivotal roles in shaping science, medicine, literature, and public memory, underscoring the integral role of African American contributions to society.
pregnancy complications
Spontaneous abortion (pregnancy <28 weeks, weight <1000g)
Brief description
Early miscarriage (most common)
Before 12 weeks of pregnancy
Mostly due to fetal factors
Most common (fetal chromosomal abnormalities)
late miscarriage
After 12 weeks of pregnancy
Mostly maternal factors
Uterine fibroids
self-immune
cervical laxity
pathology
early miscarriage
The fetus dies before expulsion
Basal decidual hemorrhage
Necrosis of surrounding tissue
Embryonic villi separation
↑It can cause uterine contraction to expel all
late miscarriage
Fetal heartbeat before expulsion
Abdominal pain first occurs during miscarriage → expulsion of fetal placenta
clinical manifestations
Main → Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain
early miscarriage
The fetus dies before expulsion
Villus/decidual dissection → vaginal bleeding
Paroxysmal lower abdominal pain
late miscarriage
clinical type
threatened abortion
★A small amount of vaginal bleeding before 28 weeks of pregnancy (no discharge of pregnancy products) → the first symptom
Subsequent onset of paroxysmal lower abdominal pain and low back pain
Gynecological examination
The cervix is not dilated
Fetal membranes are not ruptured
normal uterus size
urine pregnancy positive
prognosis
Symptoms disappear after rest and treatment → pregnancy continues
If it worsens → vaginal bleeding increases and lower abdominal pain worsens
Development is inevitably aborted
Auxiliary inspection
B-ultrasound
Determine the location of the gestational sac
Determine whether there is fetal heartbeat
Miscarriage is inevitable (the door has been opened, but the steps have not yet left)
Based on threatened abortion
Increased vaginal bleeding and worsening lower abdominal pain
Vaginal discharge (rupture of membranes)
Gynecological examination
cervical dilation
Visible fetal tissue/amniotic sac blocking the cervical opening
The size of the uterus is slightly smaller than normal
Incomplete abortion (the door has been opened and the steps have been taken out)
Development based on inevitable miscarriage
Part of the pregnancy product is discharged from the uterine cavity
Part of the remaining uterine cavity/impacted in the cervix→affects uterine contraction→bleeding
placenta
fetal tissue
Gynecological examination
The cervix is dilated
The cervix is blocked by pregnancy products and continues to bleed.
The uterus is significantly smaller than normal size
★Prone to miscarriage and infection
complete miscarriage
All pregnancy products are discharged
Vaginal bleeding stops
Cervical opening closed
normal uterus size
Missed abortion (due abortion) → can lead to coagulation disorder
The fetus has died but remains in the uterine cavity.
Early pregnancy reaction disappears (fetus is dead) Symptoms of threatened abortion
The uterus shrinks instead of enlarging
Fetal movement disappears, no fetal heartbeat
The cervix is not opened
★Urine HCG is negative and early pregnancy disappears
Recurrent miscarriage (habitual miscarriage)
3 or more miscarriages in a row
Auxiliary inspection
Urine/blood HCG test
Positive → successful pregnancy
Negative→pregnancy failure/fetal death
treat
threatened abortion
Treatment is effective→continue pregnancy
Ultrasound found embryonic dysplasia/blood HCG decreased → terminated pregnancy
Progesterone treats luteal insufficiency
Low-dose thyroxine tablets for treating hypothyroidism
Miscarriage is inevitable
Early stage → uterine evacuation
Advanced → Oxytocin Glucose Injection
incomplete abortion
Dilation and curettage/forceps curettage
There is heavy bleeding → blood transfusion and antibiotics
complete miscarriage
No infection and no special treatment required
Miscarriage combined with infection
Control infection while cleaning the uterus
If the bleeding is not heavy → first use broad spectrum antibiotics → after infection control → curettage
ectopic pregnancy
Tubal pregnancy (most common) ★Implanted in the fallopian tube mucosal folds (the same applies to miscarriage/rupture)
Brief description
Common in the ampulla
Interstitial part is rare
Cause
Fallopian tube inflammation (main cause)
Fallopian tube catarrh → Neisseria gonorrhoeae Chlamydia trachomatis can cause
Mucosal fold adhesions/lumen narrowing
Peri-salpingitis → Infection after childbirth can cause
Peritubal stenosis→fallopian tube twisting and stenosis
Tubal pregnancy/surgery history
fallopian tube dysplasia
pathology
Fallopian tube characteristics
Thin tube wall
Lack of submucosal tissue → the fertilized egg penetrates the mucosal epithelium and implants in the muscle layer
fallopian tube pregnancy rupture
Fallopian tube isthmus pregnancy around 6 weeks of pregnancy
The fertilized egg implants and develops → erodes the muscle layer and serosa toward the surrounding tube wall → breaks through
Rupture → massive bleeding (heavy bleeding is usually abdominal bleeding)
The degree of shock is not directly proportional to the amount of vaginal bleeding
★Growth toward the periluminal muscularis serosa
fallopian tube pregnancy miscarriage
More common in ampullary/fimbral pregnancy
Incomplete decidua development→blastocyst protrudes toward the lumen→finally breaks through and bleeds
Separation of blastocyst and tube wall
The entire blastocyst peels off and falls into the lumen
From the fallopian tube to the abdominal cavity
Complete miscarriage of fallopian pregnancy
Incomplete blastocyst peeling
Some of the products of pregnancy are discharged into the abdominal cavity and some remain in the fallopian tube wall.
incomplete pregnancy miscarriage
★Grow into the lumen
clinical manifestations
Menopause
stomach ache
vaginal bleeding
Fainting/Shock
Abdominal mass in the appendix area
★Three main performances
Menopause, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding
Swelling in the anus
Auxiliary inspection
HCG
Ectopic pregnancy HCG may be positive (>3500)
Posterior vaginal fornix puncture
dark red
hemoperitoneum
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Eclampsia/severe preeclampsia
diagnosis
hypertension proteinuria
hypertension
Thrombocytopenia
liver damage
renal impairment
Pulmonary Edema
Pathological changes
Overview
Systemic small vessel spasm and vascular endothelial injury → increased peripheral resistance
treat
Preferred antihypertensive drug
Labetalol/nifedipine first choice
If ineffective, consider sodium nitroprusside
complication
Kidney → acute renal failure
Uterine placental blood perfusion→decreased perfusion
fetal distress
placental abruption
placental dysfunction
Coagulation→help syndrome (the most serious complication)
Hemolysis Liver enzyme ↑ Mainly platelets ↓
severe coagulopathy
brain → cerebral edema
Liver → liver rupture
Cardiovascular → Increased peripheral resistance → Impaired myocardial contractility
Pulmonary Edema
heart failure
Endocrine → acidosis
Eye → vision loss (retinal leakage during fundus examination)
Eclampsia
Clinical manifestations (pregnancy-induced hypertension, convulsions)
Prodromal symptoms are short-lived
twitch
Foaming at the mouth
deep coma
convulsive convulsion
Central Nervous System/Visual Disorders
treat
Preferred anticonvulsant sedative
Magnesium sulfate preferred
Invalid Consider Diazepam
Brief description
systemic arteriolar spasm
Pregnancy and elevated blood pressure coexist (hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy)
Damage to the vascular endothelium
subtopic
treat
Severe headache → cerebral edema
Mannitol
Eclampsia → convulsions
Magnesium sulfate
hypertensive crisis
sodium nitroprusside
cesarean section
Expectant treatment will not be considered after 37 weeks
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
clinical manifestations
itching
No skin damage or itching
Subsides 24-48 hours after delivery
jaundice
Mild jaundice, no progression
subside after childbirth
skin scratches
Detection
Serum total bile acids
premature birth
Pregnancy >28 weeks, delivery <37 weeks
Reason for classification
spontaneous premature birth
premature birth with intact fetal membranes
Overdilation of the uterine cavity
maternal-fetal stress response
intrauterine infection
premature rupture of membranes
Malnutrition
Uterine malformations
therapeutic preterm birth
Not allowed to continue the pregnancy due to health reasons→artificial premature delivery
predict
vaginal length
Cervical length at <24 weeks <25mm
Cervical length <15mm and >30mm
clinical
Performance
Uterine contractions (irregular contractions → regular contractions)
Classification
Threatened preterm labor (regular/irregular uterine contractions, shortened cervix)
premature labor
Regular uterine contractions and progressive changes in the cervix
Cervical dilation more than 1cm
expired pregnancy
Not giving birth for more than 42 weeks
fetus
macrosomia
premature fetal syndrome
dry skin
thick hair
Looks like a little old man
identify
Preeclampsia without convulsions
Eclampsia has convulsions
SupplementOct
early deceleration
Fetal heart rate deceleration and uterine contractions begin at the same time
uterine contractions, fetal head pressure
Variation slowdown
Deceleration has nothing to do with contractions
Umbilical cord compression during uterine contractions
late deceleration
Deceleration occurs at the peak of contractions
placental dysfunction
Replenish
If it is less than 28w, it is called miscarriage. Abortion before 12 weeks is called early miscarriage Late abortion between 12 weeks and 28 weeks After 28 weeks and before 37 weeks is called premature birth. ≥42w expired product
time classification
fallopian tube isthmus
Fallopian tube rupture at 6 weeks
Fallopian tube ampulla/umbrella
Fallopian tube pregnancy miscarriage at 8-12 weeks
fallopian tube interstitium
Fallopian tube rupture at 12-16 weeks
Replenish
early miscarriage
Bleeding first→abdominal pain next
late miscarriage
First abdominal pain → then bleeding
Replenish
early deceleration
Replenish
Treatment of unavoidable and incomplete miscarriage
Qinggong, anti-shock, anti-infection