MindMap Gallery Distribution of disease
Epidemiology - the distribution of a disease, the existence status (morbidity, death, disease) of a certain disease in different regions, different groups, and different times at different times, and the rules of its occurrence and development.
Edited at 2023-12-21 14:41:34This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
This is a mind map about Deep Analysis of Character Relationships in Zootopia 2, Main content: 1、 Multi-layer network of relationships: interweaving of main lines, branch lines, and hidden interactions, 2、 Motivation for Character Behavior: Active Promoter and Hidden Intendant, 3、 Key points of interaction: logic of conflict, collaboration, and covert support, 4、 Fun Easter eggs: metaphorical details hidden in interactions.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
This is a mind map about Deep Analysis of Character Relationships in Zootopia 2, Main content: 1、 Multi-layer network of relationships: interweaving of main lines, branch lines, and hidden interactions, 2、 Motivation for Character Behavior: Active Promoter and Hidden Intendant, 3、 Key points of interaction: logic of conflict, collaboration, and covert support, 4、 Fun Easter eggs: metaphorical details hidden in interactions.
Distribution of disease
concept
The existence status (morbidity, death, illness) of a certain disease in different regions, different groups, and different times and its occurrence and development patterns
significance
Describe distribution patterns and understand popular characteristics
Explore the cause
Develop prevention and control measures
Evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and control measures
Major Disease Frequency Measures
The concept of rate and ratio
rate
The actual number of occurrences of a certain phenomenon/the total number of possible occurrences of the phenomenon
Ratio
A indicator/B indicator
composition ratio proportion
Number of individuals/sum of number of individuals
Incidence indicators
incidence rateincidence rate
The number of new cases of a certain disease in a certain group of people during a certain period/the number of exposed people in the same period
When comparing incidence rates among populations in different regions, standardization or comparison of incidence rates should be performed
Influencing factors
If a person becomes ill multiple times within an observation period, the number of cases should be counted repeatedly.
The time of onset is the time of first diagnosis
The observation time is usually measured in years.
The exposed population does not include people who already have the disease or are immune
time
Mostly one year
average annual population
significance
An indicator that measures the risk of a certain disease among a certain group of people in a certain area during a certain period.
incidence rate
attack rateattack rate
time
Short observation time (day, week, month)
Features
Small range, short time
application
food poisoning, occupational poisoning, sensor disease outbreak
Secondary attack rate, SAR
Number of sick persons among susceptible contacts/total number of susceptible contacts during the incubation period
Remove primary cases from numerator and denominator
application
Infectious diseases, evaluation of epidemic prevention measures
Epidemiological investigation when infectious diseases occur in families, collective units or kindergartens
Disease indicators
prevalenceprevalence
Number of new and old cases in a certain population within a specific period/Number of observed population in the same period
=Incidence rate×Disease duration
Influencing factors
Incidence
Course of disease
application
Current disease status, especially chronic diseases
Health Economics Evaluation and Analysis
prevalence of infection
Number of infected persons/number of persons tested
application
Infectious or parasitic diseases
Evaluate prevention and control work and formulate prevention and control measures
Prevalence vs. incidence
death indicator
Mortality rate (crude mortality rate)
The total number of deaths in a certain group of people in a certain year/the average population of that group in the same year
application
Reflects the total death level of the population
fatality rate fatality rate
The number of deaths due to a certain disease in a certain period/the number of patients with a certain disease in the same period
significance
Measure the threat a disease poses to a person’s life
Reflect the medical level
Influencing factors
disease severity
medical level
diagnostic level
Changes in pathogen virulence
Visit rate (hospital)
application
acute infectious diseases
The difference between case fatality rate and mortality rate of a certain disease
Mortality rate of a certain disease = total number of deaths due to the disease in a certain group of people in a certain year/average population of the group in the same year
The case fatality rate of a certain disease = the number of people who died from the disease in a certain period / the number of people who suffered from the disease in the same period
survival ratesurvival rate
Number of cases surviving after n years of follow-up/number of cases at the beginning of follow-up
application
chronic
epidemic intensity of disease
Sporadic, epidemic, and pandemic are relative → there is no comparability between different diseases and regions
sporadic
Calendar years: past three non-pandemic years
If the incidence rate in that year does not exceed the average level in previous years, it is called sporadic
Cause of dispersion
Do not allow any increase
A certain disease has been prevalent in the local area for a long time and residents have a certain degree of immunity.
Infectious diseases whose transmission mechanisms are difficult to achieve
Let there be an increase
Infectious diseases mainly caused by latent infection
Infectious diseases with long incubation period
application
Mostly used for disease epidemic intensity in areas above the district and county level
epidemicepidemic
judge
compared with sporadic disease
pandemicpandemic
Outbreak
Three distributions of disease
Regional distribution of disease
Classification
local
natural endemic
Endemic infectious diseases: schistosomiasis
Endemic diseases: trace element deficiency diseases
statistical locality
Social factors: cholera
Natural foci (zoonotic diseases)
Forest encephalitis, plague
Inputability
Distribution of disease between and within countries
Physical geographical factors, distribution of vector insects and hosts, residents’ living habits, economic and cultural levels, and medical and health levels
Distribution of diseases in urban and rural areas
Living conditions, health status, population density, transportation conditions, industrial level, distribution of animals and plants
Temporal distribution of disease
short term fluctuations
Short term—during the maximum incubation period of the disease
Reason—Many people are exposed to the same pathogenic agent (poisoning, acute infectious disease) or common transmission route
feature
The epidemic curve shows single peak/double peak/multiple peaks
An average incubation period is calculated forward from the peak incidence, which is the exposure time to the disease.
Seasonal
Classification
Strictly seasonal
Epidemic Japanese encephalitis has strict seasonality in northern my country and shows a seasonal increase in southern China
seasonal increase
The incidence of respiratory infectious diseases is high in winter and spring, and the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases is high in summer and autumn.
Non-communicable diseases (stroke winter and spring)
No seasonality
AIDS, hepatitis B
reason
Climate, vector insects, wild animals, customs and habits, production and sanitary conditions
cyclical
More common in respiratory infectious diseases
reason
The disease transmission mechanism is easy to implement and can spread quickly as long as there are enough susceptible people
A strong immunity can be formed after the disease is diagnosed, and the duration of the immunity level of the population after the epidemic determines the interval between epidemics of the disease.
The increase in newborns and the speed at which susceptible people accumulate
Pathogen mutation and mutation speed
long term trend
Distribution of disease among people
age distribution
cross-sectional analysis
application
Describe the age distribution characteristics of acute diseases such as infectious diseases
birth cohort analysis
application
It can clearly show the relationship between pathogenic factors and age, which is suitable for analyzing chronic diseases with long incubation period.
Gender distribution
Racial and ethnic distribution