MindMap Gallery Epidemiology Chapter 3 Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is the most basic and commonly used method in epidemiological research. Descriptive research includes case investigations, case reports, case analyses, current situation studies and ecological studies. Current research is also called cross-sectional research, which is divided into two types: census and sample survey. What is obtained is the prevalence of the disease but not the incidence data. It is not suitable for diseases with a short course and cannot draw conclusions about the cause and effect of the disease. .
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This infographic, created using EdrawMax, outlines the pivotal moments in African American history from 1619 to the present. It highlights significant events such as emancipation, key civil rights legislation, and notable achievements that have shaped the social and political landscape. The timeline serves as a visual representation of the struggle for equality and justice, emphasizing the resilience and contributions of African Americans throughout history.
This infographic, designed with EdrawMax, presents a detailed timeline of the evolution of voting rights and citizenship in the U.S. from 1870 to the present. It highlights key legislative milestones, court decisions, and societal changes that have expanded or challenged voting access. The timeline underscores the ongoing struggle for equality and the continuous efforts to secure voting rights for all citizens, reflecting the dynamic nature of democracy in America.
This infographic, created using EdrawMax, highlights the rich cultural heritage and outstanding contributions of African Americans. It covers key areas such as STEM innovations, literature and thought, global influence of music and arts, and historical preservation. The document showcases influential figures and institutions that have played pivotal roles in shaping science, medicine, literature, and public memory, underscoring the integral role of African American contributions to society.
Chapter 3 Descriptive Research
1. Case investigation, case report, case analysis
1. Case investigation
definition
It refers to the epidemiological investigation of individual cases, families and surrounding environments of cases.
The number of investigations is "1": one patient, one family, one epidemic location
Generally no comparison is set
Investigation methods: interviews, on-site investigations
Purpose and use
1. Explore clues to the cause of the disease
2. Summarize and analyze disease distribution characteristics
3. Verify diagnosis and provide guidance for treatment and care
4. Provide information for disease surveillance
2. Case report/case report
definition
It is a clinically detailed introduction to a single case/a small number of cases/effective treatment methods or measures of a rare disease.
Purpose and use
1. Discover new diseases/explore clues to their causes
2. Introduce effective new treatments or measures
3. Case analysis
definition
Organize, count, analyze and draw conclusions from the clinical data of patients with the same disease (it can be several, dozens, hundreds or even thousands of cases)
Purpose and use
1. Summarize and analyze the clinical manifestations and characteristics of a certain disease
2. Evaluate the effect of a certain treatment or preventive control measure
2. Current situation study/cross-sectional study/prevalence study
1. Purpose of current situation research
1. Describe the three distributions of disease or health conditions
2. Propose a cause hypothesis
3. Screen for diseases or health defects
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of disease prevention and treatment or health promotion measures
5. Used for disease monitoring
6. Summarize and analyze disease distribution characteristics
2. Characteristics of current research
Commonly used epidemiological methods
A time-series cross-sectional study
No conclusions can be drawn about causation
Generally not used for diseases with relatively short duration
There are certain limitations in the selection and interpretation of relevant factors
Incidence cannot be obtained
3. Types of current research
census
Purpose: secondary prevention; establishing a certain standard indicator, such as a disease threshold or healthy normal value, etc.
Features: No sampling error
sample survey
Basic principle: follow the randomization principle
Features: Sampling error exists; not suitable for diseases with too low prevalence
Sampling method
simple random sampling
Systematic sampling/equal sampling/mechanical sampling
stratified sampling
cluster sampling
multistage sampling
Determination of sample size for sampling surveys
Measurement data
s: standard deviation. δ: Allowable error, that is, the allowable range of the difference between the sample mean and the population mean
counting data
δ: Allowable error, that is, the difference between the sample rate and the population rate, depends on the actual situation. p: expected prevalence rate of a certain disease. q=1-p.
4. Methods of current situation research
Face-to-face interviews; letter interviews; telephone interviews; self-administered questionnaires; physical examinations and laboratory tests
5. Analysis of current research data
Organizing of data
ANALYSE information
descriptive analysis
Standardization of prevalence and rates (standardized rate)
Univariate analysis
Chi-square test, t test, rank sum test
Correlation analysis, multi-factor analysis
Often used to propose etiological hypotheses
Pearson correlation analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, logistic regression
6. Common biases and controls in current research
Selection bias, information bias, confounding bias
7. Current situation research and investigation steps
1. Clarify the purpose and type of investigation
Type: census, sample survey
2. Determine the survey objects, sample size and sampling method
3. Determine the investigation content and data collection methods
4. Data compilation and analysis
5. Investigation conclusion
3. Ecological research/correlation research
Ecological Research Methods
ecological comparative study
Ecological Trend Research
Group as the basic unit
The concept of ecological fallacy and ecological bias
Advantages and Disadvantages of Current Situation Research
advantage
1. Results can be obtained in a short time
2. Propose a cause hypothesis
3. Provide basic data on related diseases and health conditions
shortcoming
1. No causal relationship can be drawn
2. Not suitable for diseases with short duration
3. Unable to obtain incidence rate