① Premenopausal asymptomatic ovarian cysts Those with a diameter <10cm can be observed. After physiological cysts are ruled out, surgery can be performed as appropriate; Surgical treatment is recommended for ovarian cysts with a diameter ≥10cm ② Ovarian cysts before menarche should be taken seriously ③Asymptomatic postmenopausal ovarian cysts with low malignant potential after comprehensive evaluation can choose follow-up observation. ④The recommended follow-up interval for unilateral unicameral cysts with a diameter of <5cm is 8 to 12 weeks, with flexible adjustments based on clinical manifestations and signs.

Surgical treatment - laparoscopic surgery

Drug treatment: 1. Mifepristone 2. Gestrinone 3. Tamoxifen

menstrual cycle menstruation Menstrual volume - normal menstrual volume is 20~60ml. If it exceeds 80ml, it indicates menarche and menopause.

Element Blood (3/4 arterial blood, 1/4 venous blood), endometrial tissue fragments and various active enzymes and biological factors

Physiological changes

Common gynecological diseases, manifested by abnormalities in the menstrual cycle or bleeding volume, or abdominal pain and systemic symptoms before and during menstruation.

Disturbances in menstrual cycles or bleeding

other

Cause

When lying down, the anterior abdominal wall is significantly higher than the plane of the costal margin and pubic symphysis, and has a convex appearance.

Daily oral temperature fluctuates between 37.5°C and 38.3°C, and axillary temperature fluctuates between 37.4°C and 38.3°C, which persists for more than 3 weeks.

Cause: Chronic inflammation immune system diseases endocrine causes tumor

AFP - alpha embryo protein ≥25µg/L, hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer and other malignant tumors such as teratoma, etc. CEA - carcinoembryonic antigen Broad spectrum tumor markers CA199 - carbohydrate antigen 199 The normal value is <37.00u/ml, which is the most sensitive marker for pancreatic cancer. CA242 - carbohydrate antigen 242 0-20 U/ml, diagnosis of malignant tumors of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer CA724 - carbohydrate antigen 724 More than three times, neoplastic lesions need to be considered CA125 - carbohydrate antigen 125 0~35 kU/L, as an observation index for the therapeutic efficacy of tuberculous peritonitis Tuberculous peritonitis → mesothelial cells → produce large amounts of CA125 → ascites → blood

Causes of prolonged prothrombin time or increased prothrombin time ratio: genetic factors Congenital lack of coagulation factors II, V, VII, and X, or hypofibrinogenemia. (Extrinsic coagulation mechanism affected) secondary factors Commonly seen in diseases such as vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and primary fibrinolysis drug factors Use anticoagulants such as warfarin Shortened prothrombin time or decreased prothrombin time ratio genetic factors Congenital coagulation factor V hyperplasia secondary factors Hypercoagulable states and thrombotic disorders drug factors The use of birth control pills, penicillin and other drugs can shorten the prothrombin time

In patients who are bedridden for a long time, secretions and sputum from both lungs cannot be effectively discharged, and they fall to the lower, bottom, and outer sides of the lungs for a long time.

Past pneumonia or tuberculosis in the lungs (most common)

Normal value——0-14pg/ml

Positive anti-PCNA antibodies mostly indicate tumors and SLE, which may also be caused by inflammation.

There is a small amount of liquid (generally less than 200ml) in the human abdominal cavity, which lubricates intestinal peristalsis.

Any pathological condition that results in an increase in intra-abdominal fluid volume exceeding 200ml

Grading: mild: depth of ascites under B-ultrasound less than 3cm, no obvious clinical manifestations Moderate: The depth is 3-10 cm, patients often have moderate abdominal distension and symmetrical abdominal bulge, and positive shifting dullness Severe: When the depth is >10 cm, the patient may experience significant abdominal distension, positive shifting dullness, solid tones, significant abdominal distension, and even umbilical hernia.

Clinical Manifestations: Abdominal distention and bloating stomach ache Difficulty breathing loss of appetite nausea and vomiting Tense abdominal muscles

complication

cause

Cirrhotic ascites Noncirrhotic ascites malignant tumor cardiovascular system diseases kidney disease infections ovarian cancer Pelvic peritoneal tuberculosis endometriosis

Treat the cause

Symptomatic treatment

Chronic diffuse peritoneal infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is more common in children and young adults. There are slightly more women than men. There are four common types: adhesion, exudation, cheese and mixed, with exudation being the most common type.

Symptoms of tuberculosis poisoning - low fever, night sweats, weight loss and fatigue Abdominal pain, diarrhea Classic sign - abdominal wall flexibility

Routine examination of ascites

Ascites biochemistry

laparoscopic abdominal biopsy

Complications: abscess intestinal obstruction Intestinal perforation intestinal fistula

medical treatement

Surgical treatment

patient education