Kidneys (the younger you are → the heavier the kidneys are) (lower position)

Ureter (baby oil ureter is long and curved → underdeveloped and prone to infection)

Bladder (positioned higher than in older children → palpable when urine is full)

Common parts of hydronephrosis in children (renal pelvis and ureter) → there is a stricture in the connection here

Kidney function (urine formation around 12 weeks)

Concentrate and dilute functions

glomerulus nephritis

Nephrotic syndrome (ps: the absence of the two key factors of hypoalbuminemia and proteinuria can exclude nephrotic syndrome)

Overview of the mechanism (decreased glomerular filtration rate → water and sodium retention → water cannot enter blood vessels → non-depressed)

Pathogenesis

Acute infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci → immune complex glomerulonephritis

Early stage (intracapillary proliferative nephritis)

Electron microscopy shows hump-like precipitation of electron-dense material under glomerular epithelial cells.

Precursor infection (most of them have a history of streptococcal infection → may have elevated aso) (mainly respiratory tract infection)

Typical performance

Serious symptoms (a few have them)

atypical performance

Urinary protein -

elevated aso

Complement C3

diagnosis

Identify iga nephropathy

★Glomerulonephritis is self-healing

Circulatory congestion → first choice → furosemide

Cerebral edema/pulmonary edema→Sodium nitroprusside (vasodilator)★If there is convulsion first→Diazepam to stop convulsion

Refractory (dialysis)

Use penicillin when there is an infection focus

If there are no special serious symptoms → focus on rest and infection control

Can get out of bed → Gross hematuria and edema disappear

Can go to school → ESR is normal

Can do physical work → normal urine test

Good prognosis → self-healing

★Massive proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia are necessary conditions

Basic lesion → increased glomerular permeability

secondary changes

Edema

Three high and one low

Infect

Electrolyte imbalance and hypovolemia (common ones include low Na, low K, and low Ca)

Thrombosis (nephrotic syndrome → hypercoagulable state → arteriovenous thrombosis)

First choice (complement C3) → normal value: 0.8-1.2