Skull (29 pieces

trunk bone

Upper limb bones

Lower limb bones

They are short columnar or cubic bones of various shapes, usually distributed in groups on the wrists, the back half of the feet, or the spine, etc.

It is plate-shaped and mainly forms the wall of the cranial cavity or chest cavity to protect internal organs, such as scapula and hip bone.

Irregular in shape and diverse in function, common ones include the maxillary or sphenoid bones of the paranasal sinuses, etc.

Small and medium-sized bones formed within tendons that are under high stress, such as the patella - the largest sesamoid bone in humans

It is a dense connective tissue membrane covering the surface of the bone (except the articular surface). Fresh endosteum is pink and contains abundant blood vessels, nerves and osteoblasts.

The periosteal membrane refers to the membrane surrounding osteoblasts and osteoclasts close to the bone compact.

Spongybone is spongy and is composed of intertwined bone trabeculae (trabeculae) arranged inside the bone. The arrangement of the bone trabeculae is consistent with the direction of the pressure and tension the bone bears, so it can bear greater weight.

comPactbone has a dense texture and greater pressure resistance, and is distributed on the surface of the bone.

Mainly found in the limbs, it is often tubular and can be divided into two ends of the body. The body is also called the backbone. The peripheral parts are dense in bone and the center can accommodate bone marrow. It is called the medullary cavity. The two ends are enlarged and are called epiphyseal ends.

fiber connection

cartilage connection

bony connection

Joints are the most differentiated form of bone connection

Each joint has at least 2 articular surfaces

joint head and glenoid fossa

articular cartilage

The space between the articular surface and joint capsule

Synovial fluid, negative pressure, stability

Fiber layer (outer layer)

Synovial layer (inner layer)

single axis joint

biaxial joint

multi-axis joint

single joint

complex joint

single action joint

Linkage joint

Swing left and right

Internal/external rotation

pronation/supination

sternoclavicular joint

acromioclavicular joint

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, circumference

Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, internal rotation/external rotation, horizontal adduction/abduction, circumference

Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, internal rotation/external rotation, horizontal adduction/abduction, circumference

Flexion/extension, internal/external rotation

Flexion/extension, internal/external rotation

Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction (ulnar deviation/radial deviation), rotation

Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, eversion/varus

Forward/backward tilt, side tilt, swivel, circle rotation

Not under volitional control, involuntary muscles

Not under volitional control, involuntary muscles

Under the control of will, voluntary muscles

Main muscles involved in movement

A muscle that produces the opposite action of a prime mover

Muscles that assist the prime mover in completing movements

Muscles used to stabilize a joint to ensure movement is completed

tendon

muscle belly

Blood vessel

nerve

Fascia

tendon sheath

Muscle tone is produced but no joint angle changes

Muscle tension develops and joint angles change

Muscle tension is produced while shortening

Muscles develop tension and are lengthened

Movement of distal limbs in the air

Single joint movement and no movement of nearby joints

There is movement at the distal end of the moving joint

agonist muscle contraction

Distal limb remains immobilized

Multi-joint movement, movement of nearby joints

The proximal ends of the moving joints are movable

Contraction of multiple muscle groups distal and proximal to the moving joint

① Deltoid muscle

②Supraspinatus muscle

③Infraspinatus muscle

④Teres minor

⑤Subscapular muscle

⑥Teres major muscle

⑦Coracobrachialis muscle

⑧Biceps brachii

⑨Triceps brachii

⑩Brachialis muscle