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MindMap Gallery Mind map of the morphological structure of mushrooms

Mind map of the morphological structure of mushrooms

This is a mind map about the morphological structure of mushrooms, including morphological structure, the shape and structure of mycelium, basidiocarps and basidiospores, etc.

Edited at 2023-11-15 12:16:21

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Mind map of the morphological structure of mushrooms

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Morphological structure of mushrooms

Morphology

fruiting body

The main function is to produce spores and reproduce offspring

cap

stipe

Fungus holder

Bacteria ring

Mycelium

The main function is to decompose matrix and absorb nutrients

First hyphae (primary hyphae, primary hyphae, monokaryotic hyphae)

Secondary hyphae (secondary hyphae, secondary hyphae, dikaryotic hyphae)

Tertiary hyphae (tertiary hyphae, tertiary hyphae, solid dikaryotic hyphae)

The shape and structure of mycelium

hyphae

Hyphae (hapha): filaments made up of connected tubular cells (generally less than 10 microns in diameter) rice)

Mycelium: A collection of many hyphae.

Extension zone: A cone-shaped structure at the top of the hyphae where the hyphae grow rapidly. Over time, it is an active area where the cell wall increases

Autolysis: the phenomenon in which the senescent hyphal cells of some fungi degrade and disappear on their own.

Anastomosis: The hyphae are in contact with each other, and the cell wall pattern is formed at the contact points. Partially degraded and fused to form a network structure; very common in the mycelium of higher fungi, and in lower fungi It rarely occurs between vegetative hyphae in bacteria.

Classification

parts

intrabasal hyphae

aerial hyphae

Formation process

First hyphae (primary hyphae, primary hyphae, monokaryotic hyphae)

Secondary hyphae (secondary hyphae, secondary hyphae, dikaryotic hyphae)

Tertiary hyphae (tertiary hyphae, tertiary hyphae, solid dikaryotic hyphae)

Primary hyphae: hyphae that have just sprouted from sexual spores are thin, have few branches, grow slowly, and generally cannot form fruiting bodies.

Secondary hyphae: Two primary hyphae are combined to form a strong, branched, fast-growing, physiological Can form fruiting bodies when mature;

Tertiary hyphae: organized (tightly entangled) secondary hyphae (firm hyphae) Such as: fungi, mycorrhizae, sclerotia and hyphae in fruiting bodies

sclerotia

When the fungus grows to a certain stage, the mycelium becomes entangled with each other to form a darker and harder structure, which helps Survive adverse circumstances.

Stroma: Many septate mycelia grow to a certain period of time and produce hyphae aggregates, which expand regularly or irregularly to form a strong mass-like tissue.

Metamorphosis of hyphae

Constricting ring: Predatory fungi hunt for Catches nematodes to obtain nutrients, which are composed of three cells on the hyphal branches a ring

network loops: loops of hyphae A web formed with each mesh secreting a sticky substance; used to catch Food (trap or stick to nematodes and other micro-animals)

Haustorium, haustoria: The hyphae of obligate plant parasites penetrate the cell wall of plants, an enlarged or branched structure that forms within plant cells

Spore germination of appressorium plant pathogenic fungi The enlargement of the tip of the germ tube or hypha formed by the hair can firmly attach to the On the surface of the host, intrusive spikes are produced below and penetrate the host cuticle and surface layer. The cell wall plays the role of attachment and absorption of nutrients. rust fungus

Hypophode: short branches growing from both sides of the hyphae The structure only serves the function of attachment or nutrition and has no invasive function. ectophytic fungi Produced by fungi such as Coaloidales.

Septa: The protoplasm of many filamentous fungi is separated by a diaphragm, formed by inward growth of the cell wall

Septate hapha: The hyphae of most fungi are divided into many intervals by septa. Such as the hyphae of large fungi;

Nonseptate hapha: The hyphae of some fungi have no septa, such as those of lower fungi.

type

Single hole septum: The septum has 1 hole in the middle.

Porous septum: There are many micropores in the middle of the septum.

Compound septum (barrel-hole septum): In the middle of the septum wall, surrounding the central membrane hole, there is a donut-shaped expansion, and both sides are covered with dome-shaped membrane structures (pore caps).

colony

Colony: A round, visible structure formed by hyphae branching out from a certain point. It is a distinctive feature for species identification; the color of the front and back of the colony is inconsistent. Mushroom fungus colonies are generally white and fluffy

Basidiospores and spores

Fruiting body: formed by the intertwining of three hyphae A structure with a certain shape that produces sexual spores

Basidiocarpus: the fruiting body of a basidiomycete fungus;

umbrella-shaped basidiocarps

Basic structure: cap, stipe

Cap shape: 1. Hemispherical; 2. Hat-shaped; 3. Bell-shaped; 4. Fan-shaped or nearly hemispherical 5. Cup-shaped; 6. Flat; 7. Oval; 8. Funnel-shaped; 9. Smooth surface; 10. With hairy strips Pattern; 11. With ring patterns; 12. With massive scales; 13. With pyramidal scales; 14. Scales covered with ciliated clusters; 15. With cracked scales; 16. With short cilia; 17. Edge The edge is cracked and rolled in; 18. The edge is wavy; 19. The edge Rolled; 20. Striped edges

Special structure: bacteria ring, bacteria holder

The single-layer or double-layer annular membrane remaining on the stipe after the inner bacterial curtain is broken.

Stolus: The outer fungus curtain is broken and remains at the base of the fungus stipe. Cup-like, bract-like or ring-like structure

1. Bract-shaped, 2. Sheath-shaped, 3. Bulb-shaped, 4. Cup-shaped, 5. Punch-shaped, 6. Valved, 7. Degeneration of fungus base, 8. Band shape, 9. Several rounds of granular shape

Curtain

Outer curtain: covering the entire larvae membrane of small fruiting body

Inner curtain: cap and stipe connecting membrane between

Ascomycetes: the fruiting bodies of ascomycetes;

Other shapes of basidiocarps

There are currently more than 1,500 genera and more than 23,000 species in Basidiomycota; among them, there are about 8,000 species of mushrooms, accounting for about 1/3;

Ascocarps

The outer coating of the ascus formed by hyphal tissue, and the fruiting body of the ascomycete

type

cleitothecium

ascus perithecium

apothecium

Type of ascus

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually to produce ascomycetes, Ascospores are produced in the ascus

Shape: spherical, ellipsoid, filamentous, lanceolate shape

Ascospore formation

cyst body, cyst filament, cyst filament hook, binucleate division, ascus mother cell, karyogamy (2N), young asthecus Meiosis, mitosis, ascospores (N)

Other Ascomycetes

During sexual reproduction, ascus and ascospores can be produced; More than 32,000 species have been discovered so far, accounting for 1/3 of the known fungi, and mushrooms are only a small part of them.