Refers to the arrangement order and connection method of ribonucleotides in RNA molecules.

3',5'-phosphodiester bond

method

ribonuclease

hnRNA

Mature mRNA molecules in most eukaryotes

5′-terminal 7-methylguanosine triphosphate (m7G5’ppp) cap structure

3′-end polyadenylic acid (polyA, 20-250A) tail structure

The molecule contains more modified components, which increases recognition and hydrophobicity. The 3′-end all have the structure of CpCpAOH. Have certain conserved sequences

Amino acid accepting region, DHU region, anti-code region, Variable region and TψC region

The amino acid arm and the TψC arm form a continuous double helix region, forming a horizontal axis of L.

The dihydrouracil arm, the anti-crypto arm and the anti-crypto ring form the vertical axis of L.

Certain bases in the DHU loop form base pairs with the TψC loop and additional loops to maintain the structure of tRNA.

In prokaryotes, there are three types of rRNA: 5S, 16S, and 23S.

In eukaryotes, there are four types of rRNA: 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S

The nitrogen of the pyrimidine and purine rings and each substituent on the ring have the ability to combine and release protons

The dissociation of bases in nucleosides is affected by the presence of pentose sugars. Generally, the pK’ value decreases, indicating that the presence of sugar enhances the acidic dissociation of bases

Due to the presence of phosphoric acid, nucleotides are highly acidic. In addition to the dissociation of the base part, two additional dissociation constants are added.

In polynucleotides, except for the terminal phosphate group, there are only pK1’=1.5 in the phosphodiester bonds

Denaturation temperature of DNA: Tm

Changes in the properties of DNA after denaturation

Nucleic acid fragments from different sources with approximately the same complementary base sequence

In situ hybridization, dot blot hybridization, Southern hybridization and Northern hybridization