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MindMap Gallery Zoology·Invertebrates·Characteristics Mind Map

Zoology·Invertebrates·Characteristics Mind Map

About zoology·invertebrates·characteristics mind map, primitive, porous, cnidarian, flat. A summary of the characteristics of the original body cavity, segments, soft bodies, and arthropods. Some classes have specific mind maps, which can be obtained on the homepage~

Edited at 2023-11-10 00:58:30

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Zoology·Invertebrates·Characteristics Mind Map

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Outline

Zoologia
- 35
Richard Saul Luna Choque
CARACTERISTICAS
- 10
Isabel Silva
Zoology-Mind map of the basic structure of fish
- 74
PlotWizard
Zoology-mind map of the main characteristics of Amphibians
- 39
PlotWizard
Zoology - Reptiles
- 48
PlotWizard
Veterinary Pathology-PED Grooming
- 48
PlotWizard
Mind map of Protozoa
- 245
PlotWizard
Arthropods
- 168
PlotWizard
Zoology (Part 1) General Outline
- 36
PlotWizard
vertebrate
- 69
PlotWizard

Main features

Protozoa

Main features (The simplest animal, the most complex cell)

the simplest animal, most complex cell

Simple structure

An individual is composed of single cells, There are also groups composed of several or more individuals.

Complete functions, completed by organelles

Basic structures - cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Motor organelles - flagella (euglena), cilia (paramecium), pseudopods (amoebae)

Sensory organelle-eyespot

Feeding organelles—oral groove, intraoral cavity, endopharynx

Organelles that regulate body water—collecting tubes and telescopic vesicles

Respiration and excretion - penetration of surface membrane

Digestion - food bubbles

Small in size and widely distributed

nutritional approach

photosynthetic nutrition (Plant Nutrition)

There are chromatophores in the body that can carry out photosynthesis, also called autotrophic

Euglena

Devour nutrients (animal nutrition)

Swallowing solid food particles or tiny organisms

Paramecium

Osmotic nutrition (saprophytic nutrition)

Absorb surrounding dissolved substances through body surface penetration

Plasmodium vivax

Mixed nutrition: Simultaneous inorganic and organic nutrition

breathing and excretion

breathe

gas diffusion

No respiratory organs, oxygen is taken in and eliminated through diffusion through the body surface membrane Carbon dioxide (permeation)

excretion

Metabolic waste is excreted from the body surface, and those living in fresh water rely on telescopic bubbles.

Retractable bubbles: regulate moisture

Irritability

Reproductive mode

asexual reproduction

Binary fission (most common among protozoa)

Generally, it is mitosis. During division, the cell nucleus first divides into two. The chromosomes are evenly distributed in the two daughter nuclei, and then the cytoplasm also surrounds the two nuclei respectively. Form two sub-bodies of equal size and shape

Longitudinal fissures, like Euglena Transverse cracks, like paramecium obliquely divided, as hornwort

budding

Generally, the nucleus divides first, and then the cytoplasm is divided into two equal parts. In fact, It is a kind of binary fission, but the two daughter bodies formed are of different sizes. The larger one Daughter cells are called mother cells, and small daughter cells are called bud cells.

noctiluca

polyfission (schizogeny)

During division, the nucleus divides multiple times first, and then the cytoplasm divides into many nuclei. Divide, and finally form many single-nucleated daughter bodies. Multiple fission is also called fission.

Able to form a large number of individuals in a short period of time

Commonly found in Sporozoa

cleavage

The nucleus does not divide first, but the cytoplasm directly surrounds part of the nucleus during division to form several multi-nucleated daughter bodies, which then revert to multi-nucleated new insect bodies.

Multinucleated protozoa, such as multinucleated amoebas and Fasciolopsis

sexual reproduction

Gametogenesis

The formation of a new individual through the fusion or fertilization of two gametes

zygotic reproduction

The reproductive method of ciliates, that is, two worms are temporarily attached together and exchange cytoplasm and nuclear materials, and then the worms separate and divide.

Cysts: Under adverse conditions, protozoa will secrete some substances from their body surface, which will solidify and surround themselves to form cysts. After surviving adverse environments such as dryness and freezing, when encountering a suitable environment, the cyst will rupture and return to its original living condition.

Single-cell protozoa have different motor organelles. Autotrophic heterotrophy and parasitism, among which Sarcospora whipstock belongs.

Porifera

Main features

1. Most of the bodies are asymmetrical and live in seawater and fresh water.

2. No organs and clear tissue differentiation, The body wall is composed of two layers of cells with a water groove system.

body wall

cortex

Flat cells:

Protect and regulate water flow

Pore cells:

Form small holes for water entry

middle glue layer

Amoebocytes:

Osteogenic spicule C, spongiform C, proto-C

awn cells

nerve conduction

gastric layer

collar cells:

Ingestion, digestion, excretion, respiration

With ditch system

Single ditch system, double ditch system, compound ditch system

Movement-fixed life

Sensation - no nervous system (awn C)

Feeding - water flow in ditch systems, choanoflagellate C

Digestion – intracellular digestion

Circulation - intercellular osmosis

Excretion - water flow in the ditch system, choanoflagellate C, deformation C

Breathing - water flow in the ditch system, osmotic breathing

4. Reproduction and Development

Asexual reproduction: budding (morph C) and formation of bud bulbs

Sexual reproduction: hermaphroditic or dioecious

Developmental characteristics: Two-cyst larvae and embryonic reversal occur during development.

Cnidaria (Phylum Sponges)

Main features

Main characteristics of Cnidaria

body radial symmetry

With two germ layers and digestive circulatory cavity

Cell and tissue differentiation occurs

Diffuse nervous system - reticular nerves

stinging cells

Polyps and jellyfish

asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

polymorphic

Movement - fixed life (telescopic), floating life

Sensation - Reticular Nervous System

Feeding - catching food with tentacles

Digestion - extracellular digestion, intracellular digestion

Circulation - Digestive Circulation Chamber

Excretion - Digestive cycle cavity

Breathing - Osmotic Breathing

reproduction and development

Asexual reproduction: budding (interC) and regeneration

Sexual reproduction: hermaphroditic or dioecious, cross-fertilization

body radial symmetry

Radial symmetry: There can be more than two sections through the central axis of the body dividing the body into two equal parts. is a primitive form of symmetry

Biradial symmetry: There are only two sections through the central axis of the body dividing the body into two equal parts. A form between radial symmetry and left-right symmetry

A radially symmetrical body shape can only be divided into upper and lower parts, not front, back, left and right. Adapt to fixed or floating life in water

With two germ layers and digestive circulatory cavity

two germ layers

Two germ layers appear for the first time, a true biblast animal

Ectoderm: The outer layer of the body wall (cortex) that has protective, motor, and sensory functions

Mesoglia: A gel-like substance secreted by endodermal and ectodermal cells. Have a supportive role

Endoderm: inner layer (stomach layer), with digestive and nutritional functions

Digestive circulation chamber

The cavity surrounded by endodermal and endodermal cells is the gastrula cavity in embryonic development. It has a digestive function (inside and outside the cell) and can transport nutrients to all parts of the body. It has a mouth but no anus.

Equivalent to the digestive tract of higher animals, the place where food is digested

Equivalent to the archenteron cavity during embryonic development

Digestive juice is secreted through glandular cells, and food is initially digested in the digestive cavity. It is the earliest extracellular digestion in the evolution of animals.

Porifera: central cavity with no digestive function

The digestive cavity also has a circulatory function and can transport digested nutrients to various parts of the body, so it is also called the digestive circulation cavity.

The digestive cavity has only one opening to the outside, which is formed by the original mouth in the gastrula stage. It has two functions: mouth (feeding) and anus (excretion).

Cell and tissue differentiation occurs

Cell Differentiation

Skin muscle cells, gland cells, nerve cells, etc.

tissue differentiation

Epithelial cells contain the characteristics of muscle tissue and are called epithelial cells. Epithelial tissue,muscle tissue(primitive)

germ layer

ectoderm

Integumentary muscle cells

Most, with myofibrils arranged along the long axis of the body

sensory cells

Distributed in the mouth, tentacles, base plate, many locations, small size

nerve cells

Located at the base of ectodermal cells

stinging cells

Most tentacles

between cells

Undifferentiated embryonic sex cells that can differentiate into stinging cells and germ cells

gland cells

secrete mucus

middle glue layer

Gel-like substance, acellular, elastic 'bone'

endoderm

endothelial muscle cells

With ring-shaped myofibrils and flagella, perform intracellular digestion

gland cells

Secrete digestive enzymes, extracellular digestion

sensory cells

Small number

between cells

Small number

Diffuse nervous system - reticular nerve

Made up of interconnected fibers at the base of bipolar and multipolar neurons and sensory cells

Conduction is non-directional

No sheath

No center

A diffuse reticular nervous system composed of nerve cells of various systems

No nerve center, no directionality of conduction, slow conduction speed

stinging cells

Cnidocytes are distributed in ectodermal cells, most often in tentacles

Composed of stinging needles (receiving stimulation) and stinging wires (venom)

Polyps and jellyfish

Hydra type

Cylindrical, fixed life

Jellyfish type

disk-shaped floating life

The basic structures of polyps and jellyfish are essentially the same: if you turn the jellyfish upside down, its shape will be similar to that of the polyp.

basic body shape

reproduction

asexual reproduction

budding

sexual reproduction

alternation of generations

A life history type in which asexual and sexual generations alternate

Strong regeneration ability

polymorphic

population polymorphism

A group consists of two or more bodies with different shapes, different structures, and different physiological functions, making the group a complete whole.

For example: There are two types of individuals

Reproductive body: specialized in reproduction

Polyps: specialized in nutrition

system

Movement - fixed life (telescopic), floating life

Sensation - Reticular Nervous System

Feeding - catching food with tentacles

Digestion - extracellular digestion, intracellular digestion

Circulation - Digestive Circulation Chamber

Excretion - Digestive cycle cavity

Breathing - Osmotic Breathing

reproduction and development

Asexual reproduction: budding (interC) and regeneration

Sexual reproduction: hermaphroditic or dioecious, cross-fertilization

Cnidarian Summary

gastrula fauna

Radial symmetry, diploblast, primitive digestive cavity

Germ layer limitations

lifestyle impact

Variability of two basic types of bodies

Hydra type

Jellyfish type

Reproductive capacity continues to improve

main branch of evolution

progressive features

radial symmetry

Appearance of true biblastoma body wall

Digestive cycle cavity appears (extracellular digestion)

Reticular nervous system emerges

tissue differentiation

Platyhelminthes

The body is flat and symmetrical on both sides

Three germ layers (mesoderm forms parenchyma and muscles)

The body wall is a skin-muscle sac (epidermal muscle tissue)

Incomplete digestive system, with mouth but no anus

Excretory organs are protonephric casts

Ladder nerves, with more developed sensory organs

Reproduction (asexuality and regeneration)

Movement - directional movement

Sensation - Ladder Nervous System

Feeding - pharyngeal eversion to capture prey (planarians)

Digestion – extracellular digestion

Circulation - osmosis and diffusion between cells

Excretion - protonephric ducts (flame cells, excretory ducts, excretory pores)

Breathing - Osmotic Breathing

reproduction and development

Asexual reproduction: division and regeneration

Sexual Reproduction: Hermaphroditism, cross-fertilization

protocoelomates

protocoelom

Protocoelom The cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract of an animal. The remaining part of the blastocoel during the embryonic period, which remains until the body cavity forms in the adult

Also called false body cavity, primary body cavity

Coelomembrane without mesoderm

feature

Only body wall mesoderm, no visceral mesoderm

No coelomic membrane

It develops from the blastocoel in the embryonic stage

significance

Provide space for organ development and movement in the body

Effectively transport nutrients and metabolites; effectively maintain body water balance

Coelomial fluid acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing the body to move more quickly

Nematoda

1. The body is unsegmented, cylindrical, and symmetrical on both sides

2. There is a cuticle on the body surface, and the muscle layer only has the longitudinal muscle layer.

3. The body wall is a skin-muscle bursa (cuticle, epidermis and muscle layer)

4. False body cavity (original body cavity, primary body cavity)

5. Complete digestive system

6. Special structure of excretory organs

— Absence of cilia and flame cells (protonephric type):

(1) Glandular type; (2) Cast type

7. Cylindrical nervous system, underdeveloped senses

8. Reproduction

——Mostly heterogeneous and abnormally shaped; tubular reproductive system

Movement - only longitudinal muscles, body cavity fluid is hydrostatic skeleton

Sensation - ladder (barrel) nervous system

Taking food - oral and pharyngeal swallowing

Digestion - extracellular digestion (complete digestive system: mouth-pharynx-intestine-anus)

Circulation - coelomic fluid

Excretion - protonephric ducts (glandular, cast)

Respiration - osmotic respiration (free living), anaerobic respiration (parasitism)

reproduction and development

Sexual reproduction: dioecy, heterofertilization

Molting occurs during development

Annelida

real body cavity

Body segmented, symmetrical on both sides

The locomotive organs are setae or warts.

closed circulation system

Excretory system with metanephric ducts and coelomic ducts

chain nervous system

trocarid larvae

Mollusca

The body is not divided into segments and can be divided into 4 parts: head, feet, visceral mass and mantle.

Often with mantle-secreting shells (usually 1 or 2)

Feeding and digestion (with jaws or radula)

The emergence of specialized respiratory organs, gills and lungs

Excretory system metanephric type, mostly open-tube circulation

The nerve center includes four pairs of ganglia: brain, foot, side and gut.

Most are dioecious and the development process is complex: direct development (terrestrial); through trophopod larvae and fascia larvae (marine); gamma larvae (freshwater)

Locomotion - axopods, ventropods, and brachiopods

Sensation - 4 pairs of ganglia in the brain, feet, side and gut

Feeding - oral and pharyngeal swallowing, except for filter feeders, most of them have radula

Digestion - foregut-midgut-hindgut; specialized digestive glands appear

Circulation - open-tube blood circulation (the pericardial cavity is the true body cavity)

Excretion - metanephric type

Respiration - gills (aquatic), lungs (terrestrial)

reproduction and development

Sexual reproduction: dioecious, in vitro fertilization

The ontogeny is mostly indirect development (wheel larvae, facial disc larvae, and hookworm larvae)

Arthropoda

Body segmentation and appendage segmentation

The body wall is a chitin exoskeleton with molting phenomenon

Striated muscles form muscle bundles

Mixed body cavity, open tube circulatory system

Complete digestive system, with mouth and anus

Efficient and diverse respiratory organs (gills, book lungs or trachea)

The excretory organs are the jaw glands, green glands, basal glands (metanephric type) and Malpighian ducts

Still a chain nervous system with well-developed sensory organs

Dioecy, internal and external fertilization, metamorphosis or direct development