Protein intake should be controlled at 0.8-1.0g/(kg·d)

<2g/d

Under the electron microscope, there was extensive foot process fusion of glomerular visceral epithelial cells. No electron dense matter. There are more men than women, and it is more common in children. It also has an upward trend in the elderly. The typical manifestations of NS are gross hematuria and rarely sustained hypertension and renal function decline. More than 90% of patients are sensitive to glucocorticoid treatment, but they are prone to relapse.

Under light microscopy, diffuse proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells and mesangial matrix was seen. IgA nephropathy is dominated by IgA deposition, accompanied by C3. Non-IgA nephropathy is dominated by IgM or IgG deposition, accompanied by C3, with granular deposition in the glomerular mesangial area and capillary walls. It affects more men than women and is more likely to occur in adolescents. Half of them develop acute symptoms after upper respiratory tract infection, and some develop insidiously. 15% of patients with IgA nephropathy develop nephrotic syndrome, and almost all have hematuria. 30% of patients with non-IgA nephropathy develop nephrotic syndrome, and 70% have hematuria. As kidney disease worsens, the incidence of renal insufficiency and hypertension increases.

It mostly occurs in adolescent males and has an insidious onset. It mainly manifests as nephrotic syndrome. About 75% of patients are accompanied by hematuria. Hypertension and reduced renal function are often present when diagnosed. Most have proximal tubule dysfunction. Hormone and cytotoxic drugs have poor efficacy and gradually develop into renal failure

In the early stage, neatly arranged small fusophile granules (Masson staining) can be seen on the epithelial side of the basement membrane; then spikes (argyrophilic staining) are formed, and the basement membrane gradually thickens. If a nail process forms, the foot process may fuse extensively. It affects more men than women and is more likely to occur in middle-aged and elderly people. The onset is insidious and often manifests as nephrotic syndrome, which may be accompanied by microscopic hematuria. Renal function damage occurs 5 to 10 years after the onset of disease, and thromboembolism is easily complicated. A small number of cases can spontaneously remit, but early treatment is slow, the disease progresses, and the curative effect is poor.

Under light microscopy, mesangial cells and mesangial matrix are severely proliferated and inserted between the glomerular basement membrane and endothelial cells, causing capillary loops to exhibit a "double track sign." Immunopathology shows granular deposition of IgG and C3 in the mesangium and capillary walls. It affects more men than women, is more common in young adults, often has prodromal infection, and has an acute onset, which can manifest as acute nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome. Almost all patients have hematuria. Renal function damage, hypertension and anemia appear early, the condition continues to progress, and the disease progresses quickly. Hormone and cytotoxic drugs have poor efficacy. About half of the cases progress to chronic renal failure 10 years after onset.

acute renal failure

Impairment of renal tubular function

Systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis is more likely to occur in young and middle-aged women. It often presents with symptoms such as fever, butterfly erythema, photosensitivity, oral mucosal ulcers, and multiple serositis. It can be diagnosed based on the clinical manifestations of multi-system damage and immunological examination. A variety of autoantibodies are detected, and serum immunological tests are helpful for identification.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis usually occurs in teenagers and has a typical skin rash, which may be accompanied by joint pain, abdominal pain and melena. Hematuria and/or proteinuria usually appear about 1 to 4 weeks after the rash appears. The typical rash is helpful for identification. diagnosis.

Diabetic nephropathy tends to occur in middle-aged and elderly people, and nephrotic syndrome is common in diabetic patients with a disease duration of more than 10 years. Increased urinary microalbumin excretion may occur in the early stage, and later gradually develop into massive proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome. Diabetes history and characteristic fundus changes are helpful in differential diagnosis

Reduce urinary protein

Diuresis and swelling

Treatment of complications

Other treatments