Upward infection 95%

bloodstream infection

direct infection

lymphatic infection

Common in young women, it is divided into acute simple cystitis and recurrent cystitis. The main manifestations are bladder irritation signs, namely frequent urination, urgency, and painful urination. The urine is often cloudy and has a peculiar smell. Hematuria accounts for 30%, and a minority Patients have low back pain and low-grade fever, which may be accompanied by pain or tenderness above the pubic bone, and some patients have difficulty urinating. Pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli＞75%

urinary tract symptoms

Systemic infection symptoms

There may be intermittent low-grade fever, urinary discomfort, and waist soreness. In the later stage, renal tubular function is damaged, which may lead to polyuria, increased nocturia, low specific gravity urine, electrolyte imbalance, renal tubular acidosis, and renal failure.

Urine culture shows true bacteriuria without symptoms of urinary tract infection

Nitrate reduction test and/or leukocyte esterase positive

Leukocyturia (pyuria)

Pathogens were found by Gram staining of fresh urine without centrifugation, and the number of colonies in one urine culture was ≥1000/ml.

It is often characterized by urinary tract irritation, rarely fever and low back pain; the diagnosis can be confirmed by increased urinary leukocytes and positive urine bacterial culture.

Positive urine culture after bladder flushing

Microscopic examination of urine sediment shows leukocyte casts, excluding interstitial nephritis, lupus nephritis, etc.

Increased urinary N-ether-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and β2-MG

Decreased urine osmolarity

A history of recurring urinary tract infections

On imaging, the appearance of the kidneys is uneven and the kidneys are of different sizes, or intravenous pyelography shows deformation and narrowing of the renal pelvis and calyces.

Combined with persistent renal tubular function impairment

Morning urine culture may be positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and acid-fast bacilli can be found in the urine sediment.

More common in middle-aged women

Chronic glomerulonephritis usually involves bilateral kidneys. Chronic pyelonephritis often has signs of urinary tract irritation, positive bacteriological examinations, and imaging examinations reveal asymmetric shrinkage of both kidneys.

Drink more water and urinate frequently

acute cystitis

acute pyelonephritis

chronic pyelonephritis

asymptomatic bacteriuria

efficient

cure

fail