MindMap Gallery acids and bases
This is a mind map about acids and bases, including acid-base indicators, Common acids, Chemical properties of acids, neutralization reactions, Solution conductivity, Chemical properties of bases, etc.
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acids and bases
Acid-base indicator
definition
Substances that react with acid or alkali solutions to display different colors
effect
purple litmus solution
acidic solution
turn red
neutral solution
Does not change color (purple)
alkaline solution
turn blue
Colorless phenolphthalein
acidic solution
No discoloration
neutral solution
No discoloration
alkaline solution
turn red
Only alkaline solutions can be tested
Common acids
hydrochloric acid
Color status
colorless liquid
physical properties
volatility
Solute mass decreases
Solute mass fraction decreases
pungent odor
use
Metal surface rust removal
Human gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid
sulfuric acid
Color status
Colorless, viscous oily liquid
physical properties
Not easy to evaporate
water absorbency
Solvent mass increases
Solute mass fraction decreases
dry gas
The prerequisite gas does not react with sulfuric acid
chemical properties
Corrosive (dehydrating)
The atoms of hydrogen and oxygen elements are removed according to the composition ratio of water to produce black carbon.
Rinse with plenty of water and apply 3%∽5% sodium bicarbonate solution
Strong oxidizing property (concentrated sulfuric acid)
Reacts with metals without producing hydrogen gas
use
Important chemical raw materials
Metal smelting, metal rust removal
gas desiccant
Dilute with concentrated sulfuric acid
instrument
Beaker, glass rod
Slowly pour water along the inside of the container, stirring continuously with a glass rod to dissipate heat
chemical properties of acids
Acid and indicator effects
purple litmus solution
red
Colorless phenolphthalein solution
colorless
Acids react with reactive metals
Reaction of acids and metal oxides
acid and base reaction
Acids react with certain salts
common bases
sodium hydroxide
Color status
white solid
Solubility
Easily deliquescent, easily soluble in water and exothermic
Desiccant for certain gases
Strongly corrosive
common name
caustic alkali
caustic soda
caustic soda
Calcium hydroxide
Color status
White powdery solid
Solubility
Slightly soluble in water, solubility decreases with increasing temperature
Strong corrosiveness
common name
solid
slaked lime
Slaked lime
aqueous solution
Lime water
Milk of lime and lime slurry
Reaction of milk of lime and copper sulfate to prepare Bordeaux mixture
Preparation
The reaction between quicklime and water is CaO H2O=Ca(OH)2
Chemical properties of bases
Alkali and acid-base indicators
purple litmus solution
blue
Colorless phenolphthalein solution
red
Alkali and non-metal oxides
Acid-base neutralization reaction
Alkali and certain salt solutions
Solution conductivity
reason
Acid, alkali and salt solutions contain freely moving charged ions
Alkaline solutions of acids have similar chemical properties
acid solution
Hydrogen ion
alkaline solution
Hydroxide ion
inference
When acids, bases and salts react with each other, ion exchange is required in the form of a solution.
Neutralization reaction
definition
The reaction between acid and base to form salt and water
expression
acid base → salt water
Nature
The process in which hydrogen ions in an acid solution and hydroxyl ions in an alkaline solution combine to form water molecules
application
Adjust soil acidity and alkalinity
Acidic
Appropriate amount of slaked lime
alkaline
carbonated water
Treatment of factory wastewater
slaked lime
Impurities containing sulfuric acid
Hyperacidity
Too much Hcl
Aluminum hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide
formic acid
Potions containing alkaline substances
Expression of solution acidity and alkalinity (pH)
Solution pH refers to the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH measurement method
scope
0∽14
Acidity and alkalinity
pH>7
Alkaline, the greater the pH, the stronger the alkalinity
pH=7
neutral
pH<7
Acidic, the smaller the pH, the stronger the acidity
step
1. Use tweezers to take the pH test paper and place it in a white porcelain or glass piece
2. Use a glass rod to dip a drop of the liquid to be measured onto the pH test paper
3. Read the pH value against the standard color card
Precautions
Do not immerse the pH test paper directly into the liquid to be measured
Do not use distilled water to wet pH test paper
Dilute the liquid to be tested
acidic solution
Less acidic
pH value is too high
alkaline solution
Alkalinity weakens
pH value is too low
Clean the glass rod before use
The importance of acidity and alkalinity of solutions
chemical production
Agricultural Production
Crops are suitable for growing in neutral soil
Normal rainwater pH is 5.6
When the pH value is less than 5.6, it is acid rain
Acidity and alkalinity
An acid solution must be acidic, but an acidic solution is not necessarily an acid solution, it may be a partial salt solution
Alkaline solutions must be alkaline, but alkaline solutions are not necessarily alkaline solutions, they may be partial salt solutions
Salt solutions are mostly neutral